Drivers’ phone use at red traffic lights: A roadside observation study comparing calls and visual–manual interactions

Phone use while driving has become one of the priority issues in road safety, given that it may lead to decreased situation awareness and deteriorated driving performance. It has been suggested that drivers can regulate their exposure to secondary tasks and seek for compatibility of phone use and driving. Phone use strategies include the choice of driving situations with low demands and interruptions of the interaction when the context changes. Traffic light situations at urban intersections imply both a temptation to use the phone while waiting at the red traffic light and a potential threat due to the incompatibility of phone use and driving when the traffic light turns green. These two situations were targeted in a roadside observation study, with the aim to investigate the existence of a phone use strategy at the red traffic light and to test its effectiveness. N = 124 phone users and a corresponding control group of non-users were observed. Strategic phone use behaviour was detected for visual–manual interactions, which are more likely to be initiated at the red traffic light and tend to be stopped before the vehicle moves off, while calls are less likely to be limited to the red traffic light situation. As an indicator of impaired situation awareness, delayed start was associated to phone use and in particular to visual–manual interactions, whether phone use was interrupted before moving off or not. Traffic light situations do not seem to allow effective application of phone use strategies, although drivers attempt to do so for the most demanding phone use mode. The underlying factors of phone use need to be studied so as to reduce the temptation of phone use and facilitate exposure regulation strategies.     

宽带能量检测性能及噪声不确定度约束下的观测时长分析

该文针对基于最小错判概率准则对宽带采样信号进行判决的情况,讨论了检测概率、虚警概率与观测时长的置换关系,得到了在采用上述判决门限条件下,达到规定的检测概率和虚警概率所需要的最小观测时长的闭式表达式。此外,该文还讨论了噪声不确定性对检测性能约束条件下的最小观测时长的影响,得到了在噪声峰值不确定度给定情况下的最小观测时长表达式。数值仿真结果验证了该文结论的正确性。     

由观察—体验—构建出发的建筑类图学教学研究

尽管科学技术以及专业发展迅速,但对于建筑制图与阴影透视这门课程来说,教材以及教学方式长期停滞不前。由于该课程面向的是极富创造力的建筑规划景观设计类的学生,故而对于图学思维以及创造力的培养是非常重要的。课程教学中应用了网络教学平台,课堂教学中采用图学思维训练方法,由观察出发,学会观察与分析相结合的方法;通过体验促进丰富的表象储备,通过构建达到创造性的想象和设计。从而为培养富有创造力的学生打下坚实的基础。     

深埋坚硬煤岩大采高长壁工作面矿压观测及显现规律

针对深埋坚硬煤岩大采高长壁工作面矿山压力显现强烈、煤壁片帮严重、顶板控制效果较差等问题,以红庆河煤矿3-1101大采高综采工作面为例,介绍了深埋坚硬煤岩大采高长壁工作面矿山压力的观测方案和实施方法。通过现场观测和相关数据分析,得出了该工作面矿山压力显现规律、特征、液压支架工作状态和工作面煤壁片帮等结果。提出了相应的安全技术措施和建议,以有效满足控制深埋坚硬煤岩大采高长壁工作面顶板和煤壁片帮的要求,为类似煤层的安全高效开采提供较好的参考依据。     

宽方位角在煤田三维地震勘探中的研究与应用

从理论角度分析了宽方位角观测系统方位角、偏移距及满覆盖次数分布等特点,以地质构造发育、各向异性显著的鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的萌城矿区某勘查区为例,对宽、窄方位角观测系统的勘探成果进行对比分析。结果表明：相对于窄方位角观测系统,宽方位角观测系统1次覆盖向满覆盖过渡快,野外数据采集时对地表障碍物变形观测易于实现;宽方位角观测系统大大提高了横向上的观测能力,有效扩展了观测方位角,使获得的地震数据更趋于全息三维,方位角分布更均匀;在数据处理过程中,应注重进行子波保真、远道动校正及速度分析,便于获得分辨率较高、构造成像清晰的地震数据;相对于窄方位角地震勘探,宽方位角地震勘探观测通常覆盖次数更高,但勘探成本较高。     

Urbanization effect on soil temperature in Nanjing, China

Temporal and spatial changes in soil temperature were monitored in rural and urban areas within Nanjing city, China to investigate the influence of increasing urbanization. Diurnal changes in soil temperature as a function of depth (i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100 and 150 cm below ground surface) were measured continuously for one year (from June 2009 to June 2010) at two locations. Soil temperature was also measured at selected times at 600 locations within urban and rural areas. The results show that both the urban and rural soil temperature profiles are strongly tied to the prevailing air temperature, while the synoptic influence on soil temperature occurs mostly at depths less than 60 cm. Based on spatial averages for the studied one year period, the urban soil is 1.21 °C warmer than the rural soil. The nature of the temporal and spatial changes in soil temperature varies according to whether a given location is rural or urban. The average daily, monthly and seasonal difference ranges from 0.29 to 3.03 °C, 0.62 to 2.0 °C and 0.84 to 1.51 °C, respectively, between urban and rural locations. Soil temperature variations generally decrease with increasing depth and increase with urbanization.     

高层建筑物的沉降观测浅议

结合作业实践，对高层建筑物的沉降原因、沉降观测等级及精度确定、沉降观测基准网点及沉降观测点布设、沉降观测方法、沉降观测周期和频率进行了讨论；总结了沉降观测资料处理、安全性分析、变形预报的过程和方法。     

Data assimilation: From photon counts to Earth System forecasts

Data assimilation - the set of techniques whereby information from observing systems and models is combined optimally - is rapidly becoming prominent in endeavours to exploit Earth Observation for Earth sciences, including climate prediction. This paper explains the broad principles of data assimilation, outlining different approaches (optimal interpolation, three-dimensional and four-dimensional variational methods, the Kalman Filter), together with the approximations that are often necessary to make them practicable. After pointing out a variety of benefits of data assimilation, the paper then outlines some practical applications of the exploitation of Earth Observation by data assimilation in the areas of operational oceanography, chemical weather forecasting and carbon cycle modelling. Finally, some challenges for the future are noted.     

The Electronic Schoolbag, a CSCW workspace: presentation and evaluation

This paper describes the Electronic Schoolbag, a digital workspace developed at the University of Savoie (France) and analyses its usages. This online environment is dedicated to the educational world: it offers pupils, students, teachers, school staff, or parents, personal and group workspaces in which individual or collaborative activities can take place. The flexibility of this software, allowing synchronous or asynchronous activities, lies in the “participation model”. This model allows groups themselves to describe and organise their activities. The architecture that permits its implementation in the Electronic Schoolbag workspace is described. The study of the practices of the workspace is then presented. This requires different observation methods, according to the different procedures chosen: real practices provided by quantitative methods (analysis of the logs of the actions and questionnaires) and imagined practices provided by qualitative methods (semi-directive interviews). The results obtained from the university users allow us to assess the evolution of the usages for different periods and on different university sites. The observatory also lets us list the main uses of the Electronic Schoolbag for educative communication (collaborative vs. individual, informative vs. communicative).     

基坑变形观测数据的因素分析方法

采用因素分析方法分析建筑物变形观测数据 ,以定量形式描述影响建筑物变形的因素关系 ,本文结合实例给出因素分析计算方法。