Optimizing investment levels for energy conservation: Individual versus social perspective and the role of uncertainty

The decision to invest in energy conservation must be made in the face of uncertainty: future energy prices and the magnitude of energy savings are uncertain. Since once does not know the optimal investment level in advance, one will incur cost penalties due to misoptimization. To analyse the cost penalties it is convenient to focus on the ratio of the life cycle costs that one pays and the life cycle costs one would have paid with an optimal investment level. Two models are used to evaluate this ratio: a model for conductive heat flow through a layer of insulation, and an exponential curve fit to a large number of residential energy conservation cost data. Plotting the life cycle cost ratio versus the ration of actual and guessed energy expenditures shows the effect both of price uncertainties and of uncertainties in the performance of conservation measures. The graph can also be used to evaluate the cost to society due to the mismatch between individual and social perspectives. The curve turns out to have a broad optimum, and penalties due to misoptimization are fairly small in most cases. With these models one can also calculate the long-term price elasticity of energy demand for rational consumers. It turns out to be -0.5 in the insulation model and -1.0 in the exponential model.     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

轻型轨道车下道装置手压泵结构参数的优化设计

本对影响轻型轨道车下道装置操作性能的液压系统参数进行了分析，对２９．４ｋＷ走行发电轻型轨道画下道装置中的手动液压泵的结构参数进行了优化设计，与初定参数进行了比较，并对方案设计进行了修正。     

搜索三个不同坏硬币的测试次数

§1.简介 设S={c_1,c_2,…,c_n}是由n个外观相同的硬币组成的集合,其中恰有m个稍重的坏硬币,试用最少的测试次数找出这m个坏硬币.以μ_m(n)表示最少测试次数,由信息论可知     

超薄带精密轧机辊形调节计算机控制

介绍一种超薄带精密轧机的计算机控制系统改造。超薄带精密轧机用于轧制０．０１ｍｍ～０．５ｍｍ的超薄带材，其辊形调节系统是影响带材板形的关键部分。原系统响应慢，可靠性差，难以满足精轧要求。现对该轧机进行改造，采用计算机，将ＰＣＭ（ＰｕｌｓｅｃｏｄｅＭｏｄｕｌａｔｉｏｎ－脉冲码调制）控制与二次型性能指标最优化控制相结合的控制方法用于轧机的的全面管理与控制，不仅大大提高系统精度与运行可靠性，而且实现调整与控制自动化。目前已投入正常运行。     

折反光学系统最佳红外像面位置的研究

较深入地研究了折反光学系统的红外像面,为确定实际的红外像面提出了一个新方法—计算从可见光边缘无色的弥散圆到红外最佳像面的距离。实践证明,这是确定这类光学系统最佳像面的一个方便、可靠的方法。     

背包问题最优解的结构

讨论背包问题的最优解,引入背包问题的阶的概念,并对背包问题的阶作出深入的讨论,在此基础上得到背包问题的最优解的一般形式。     

基于Ad Hoc网络的SMR优化算法的研究

SMR是一种基于DSR算法的多路径路由算法,这种算法的本身具有明显的局限性。第一,它可能在存在多条不相关多路径路由的情况下选择两条相关多路径路由作为最后的主路由与备份路由;第二,它在目的节点只收到一个RREQ分组的情况下只生成一条主路由,而实际可能存在多条传输线路。针对SMR算法的局限性,本文提出一种改进的SMR算法—ISMR,该算法保证了两条路由的形成,保证了在存在多条不相关多路径路由情况下,一定会生成两条不相关多路径路由。     

应用破圈法求图的最优树的一种新算法

本文依据破圈法的原理提出了求图的最优树的一种新算法,并给出了具体的实现步骤。     

一种基于多路径的干扰避免协议研究

如何保证无线网络业务的连续可靠传输,成为多跳无线网络MHWN研究中亟待解决的问题。多路径路由作为实现无线网络可靠运行的有效手段,得到了广泛的研究。本文主要研究了MHWN中干扰避免问题,提出了一种适合MHWN的多路径路由算法,该方法具有较低的协议开销,通过网络干扰动态性检测获取遭受干扰最小路径,从而可有效提高网络抗干扰能力,并极大降低源重路由次数。文中详细阐述了协议的实现,并基于NS2对上述方法进行了较全面的仿真研究。结果表明该方法具有更好的路由抗干扰性能。