中国在1971年南亚政治危机中的反应

1971年,南亚爆发危机。在这次危机中,中国政府支持巴基斯坦维护独立与统一的正义斗争,反对印度在苏联的支持下肢解巴基斯坦。面对复杂的国际形势,中国政府竭力维护世界和平,表现了一个大国的风范。     

Metal content and distribution in fenugreek cultivated in Pakistan

The metal contents in 42 fenugreek samples, cultivated in various agricultural areas of Pakistan, were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of the metals—Cu, Mn, Cd, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, Na and K—were found to be higher than those reported earlier. Particularly, the samples cultivated near the major industrial cities showed significantly higher levels of almost all the metals investigated in this study. The high concentration ranges of toxic metals, such as Cd 1·0–2·8, Pb 2·5–3·4, and Cr 17–19·8 mg kg^?1, in a fairly large number of samples suggest a possible increase of the overall intake of these metals to potentially harmful levels.     

Foliar epidermal anatomy of some selected wild edible fruits of Pakistan using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

The present study is focused on the detailed foliar epidermal anatomy of some selected wild edible fruits (WEFs) from Pakistan using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The studied species are Ficus racemosa L., Solanum nigrum L., Capparis spinosa L., Physalis divaricata D.Don, Rosa moschata Herrm. and Ribes orientale Desf. collected from various localities of Pakistan. The objective of the present study is to investigate qualitative and quantitative anatomical characters for the identification and differentiation of collected wild edible fruits. The characters studied are shape and size of epidermal cells, anticlinal wall pattern, trichome type and shape, average number of stomata, length and width of stomata and pore. The detailed microscopic investigation and variations in the characters recorded have a key role in the determination and authentication of wild edible fruits. This study possesses great potential for plant taxonomists to further evaluate the species at molecular and genetic levels.     

Impact of controlled atmosphere on the stability of Dhakki dates

The dates equilibrated at water activity (a_w) of 0.52, 0.58 and 0.75 were stored at 40 °C for 4 months under the controlled atmosphere of nitrogen, oxygen and air. The samples were evaluated monthly for darkening, pH, and titratable acidity. The study indicates that the darkening and titratable acidity increased whereas the pH declined gradually during the storage. The change in quality appeared to be a function of storage atmosphere and water activity. Among all the investigated options, the sample stored under the nitrogen atmosphere at lowest water activity (0.52a_w) showed the greatest stability.     

巴基斯坦N-J水电站直流电源系统设计

直流电源系统是水电站中重要的电气设备,其系统的稳定性和可靠性直接关系到整个电站的安全运行。结合国际项目巴基斯坦N-J水电站的厂房布置及机电设备的分布特点,简单介绍了直流电源系统的配置原则以及系统接线方案等内容;根据标准《IEEE Std 485固定应用的铅酸电池组尺寸确定的推荐实施规范》,重点介绍了直流电源系统设计中直流负荷统计、蓄电池数量及容量选择的计算等内容。最后,结合长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司近年来所参与的相关项目,对国内、外工程中的直流电源系统设计方式等方面的情况进行了分析比较,比较结果可为供水电站直流电源系统的设计提供参考。     

The stakeholder analysis for SEA of Chinese foreign direct investment: the case of ‘One Belt,One Road’ initiative in Pakistan

This paper reports on a stakeholder analysis conducted for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) on Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), taking the ‘One Belt, One Road’ initiative (OBOR) in Pakistan as a case study. Based on a three-level framework of stakeholder analysis – identification, investigation and communication, the study aims to develop an understanding of stakeholders’ characteristics, examine social network functions, and make recommendations for Chinese FDI in Pakistan for reducing environmental and social challenges and for seizing the opportunities noted by stakeholders in particular. Results suggest that stakeholders have a positive attitude towards Chinese FDI in Pakistan. Air quality and water consumption were identified as the top two challenges on Chinese FDI. Generally speaking, opportunities of investment were seen to be more important than challenges, such as increasing energy reserves, water quality improvement and social-economic development. Based on the results, it is suggested that SEA can help to generate a win–win strategy for both countries.     

Shale gas: A solution for energy crisis and lower CO2 emission in Pakistan

Energy supply is an essential element for development in any country. However, the huge energy demand in future, which depends mainly on fossil fuels, may create an environmental crisis. In this paper, an attempt was made to highlight the shale gas prospect of Pakistan as a solution for its future energy demands. It seems that Pakistan is currently consuming a huge amount of domestic natural gas and crude oil, which may soon result in climate change. As such, it is crucial to consider shale gas reserves as an ultimate solution for energy and achieving a low carbon economy.     

Effect of Pickings on Germination Percentage and Fiber Quality Traits in Gossypium Hirsutum L

The present investigations were designed to determine the impact of picking dates on seed germination, 100 seed weight and various fiber parameters. Two genotypes FH-113 and FH-114 were evaluated under early and normal sowing. Nine and six pickings were taken under early and normal conditions, respectively. The results revealed significant variation in both the years for fiber traits but for seed germination, the results were non-significant and for seed weight remained significant under both sowing times, respectively. For picking time the estimates were significant under both sowing times thus exhibiting the major role of picking time in this experiment. For germination percentage, the results were variable for both the genotypes. For genotype FH-113, germination remained above 60% during 1st pick and for 5th, 6^th, and 7th pick, the germination rates were higher and nearing almost 70%. For 2nd genotype, the germination remained below 50% from pick-1 to pick-4 and above 50% in pick 5 and 8 but for all other pickings the values remained in the range 45–50%. Under normal sowing both genotypes exhibited germination percentage near 60% at 1st pick but for 2nd and 3rd pick, the germination rate remained between 45% and 50%. Regarding correlation studies among the studied traits germination % had positive and highly significant correlation with 100 seed weight under both sowing times. Fiber fineness and strength had strong and highly significant correlation with fiber maturity under both conditions. The results from this study revealed that pickings during favorable conditions produce better quality and germination.     

Incidence of aflatoxins contamination in dry fruits and edible nuts collected from Pakistan

During 2012–2015, a total of 624 samples of 13 different types of dry fruits and edible nuts were collected from retail shops and local markets of Pakistan. The collected samples were then studied for the occurrence of total aflatoxins (AFs) after immunoaffinity cleanup followed by HPLC coupled with fluorescence detector and post-column derivatization unit (Kobra Cell™). The seasonal variation of AFs was studied with respect to average temperature and relative humidity in Pakistan. LOD (S/N; 3:1) and LOQ (S/N; 10:1) of the utilized method were in the range of 0.09–0.12 and 0.30–42 μg/kg, respectively. About 165 (26%) samples were found contaminated, ranging from 0.22 to 30.11 μg/kg with a mean equivalent to 0.85 ± 0.26 μg/kg. In 459 (74%) samples, the AFs contamination was found lower than detectable limit corresponding to0.12 μg/kg. In 99 (15%) samples, the contamination range of AFs was 1–4 μg/kg. However, 28 (4%) samples exceeded the maximum tolerated limit (MTL) of 4 μg/kg as imposed by EU. However, 6 (1%) samples were found beyond the MTL of20 μg/kg as regulated by USA. Highly contaminated samples were found during the months of July, August and September. Achieved data highlighted the requirement of continuous monitoring and further investigation of AFs contamination in dry fruits/edible nuts under the authority of a definite systematic surveillance program adapted as a food safety measure.     

Outage-induced power backup choice in Pakistan

Like in many other developing countries, power outages are prevalent in Pakistan. Consumers are compelled to explore alternative energy strategies when the overhead of the outage surpasses that of implementing a backup plan. Inverters, small generators, and solar energy systems (SESs) are among the common backup options. This study utilizes primary data collected from the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi to delve into the factors influencing consumers' perception-based choices regarding backup solutions. To account for various backup choices, we employ multinomial logistic regression techniques on a sample of 952 households. Our analysis reveals that perception-based variables, such as electricity theft and decreasing satisfaction, negatively impact the likelihood of selecting off-grid renewable options like solar technology. Moreover, we observe that consumers residing in rented houses prefer inverters and generators, while homeownership significantly influences the adoption of all three backup choices. Interestingly, the rural-urban location of the household does not influence the decision to opt for a SES. These findings carry important policy implications for energy-deficient regions. The transition towards solar energy is driven by the household's strategy to ensure uninterrupted energy backup while simultaneously reducing the cost of electricity consumption.