Espresso Reward Learning, Hold the Dopamine: Theoretical Comment on Robinson et al. (2005).

Question: Is dopamine needed for reward learning? Answer: No--at least, not in the brain of a caffeinated dopamine-deficient (DD) mutant mouse. That is the conclusion of an important paper in this issue by S. Robinson, S. M. Sandstrom, V. H. Denenberg, and R. D. Palmiter (see record 2005-01705-001). Those authors demonstrate that reward learning can proceed normally in the brains of DD mice, even though they contain no dopamine at the time of learning, if the mice are given caffeine just before learning. Caffeine activates the DD mice by a nondopaminergic mechanism, allowing them to learn where to obtain food reward in a T-maze runway. Their reward-learning-without-dopamine is revealed on a subsequent test day, when dopamine function is restored by L-dopa administration. Robinson et al. conclude that dopamine is not needed for normal learning about rewards, or for hedonic "liking" of rewards during learning, but rather specifically for a motivational "wanting" component of reward, such as incentive salience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Genetic Correlational Analyses of Ethanol Reward and Aversion Phenotypes in Short-Term Selected Mouse Lines Bred for Ethanol Drinking or Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Taste Aversion.

Short-term selective breeding created mouse lines divergent for ethanol drinking (high drinking short-term selected line [STDRHI], low drinking [STDRLO]) or ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA; high [HTA], low [LTA]). Compared with STDRLO, STDRHI mice consumed more saccharin and less quinine, exhibited greater ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), and showed reduced ethanol stimulation and sensitization under some conditions; a line difference in ethanol-induced CTA was not consistently found. Compared with LTA, HTA mice consumed less ethanol but were similar in saccharin consumption, sensitivity to ethanol-induced CPP, and ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation and sensitization. These data suggest that ethanol drinking is genetically associated with several reward-and aversion-related traits. The interpretation of ethanol-induced CTA as more genetically distinct must be tempered by the inability to test the CTA lines beyond Selection Generation 2. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

个性化Web页教材动态构建的初步研究

本文针对静态设计的Web页教材无法满足学习者个性化学习需要的问题，研究应用“学习对象”的概念动态地构建个性化的Web页教材。这种技术将教学内容分解成若干独立、可重复使用的片段，即学习对象。在远程教学的实施过程中，根据学习者的学习特性动态地将它们组合起来，构建与学习者各自学习风格、学习需求相匹配的个性化的Web页教材。文章首先介绍学习对象的概念及其学习对象在网上的存储与管理，然后讨论学习对象的粒度问题和Web页内容关联的问题，最后报告我们的初步实验结果。     

基于模糊理论的因特网个性化服务应用

为了使因特网上的服务更加有效和便利，以Web挖掘为基础的因特网个性化服务目前正在得到广泛的研究和应用。本文以模糊理论为基础，探讨了一个基于Web日志挖掘的个性化用户预测系统。     

Reactions to Counterstereotypic Behavior: The Role of Backlash in Cultural Stereotype Maintenance.

Social and economic sanctions for counterstereotypical behavior have been termed the backlash effect (L. A. Rudman, 1998). The authors present a model of the role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance from the standpoint of both perceivers and actors. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants lost a competition to either atypical or typical men or women and subsequently showed greater tendency to sabotage deviants. Moreover, undermining deviants was associated with increased self-esteem, suggesting that backlash rewards perceivers psychologically. Experiment 3 showed that gender deviants who feared backlash resorted to strategies designed to avoid it (e.g., hiding, deception, and gender conformity). Further, perceivers who sabotaged deviants (Experiment 2) or deviants who hid their atypicality (Experiment 3) estimated greater stereotyping on the part of future perceivers, in support of the model's presumed role for backlash in stereotype maintenance. The implications of the findings for cultural stereotypes are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

基于热扩散影响力传播的社交网络个性化推荐算法

有针对性地为用户提供推荐,提高互联网信息利用率是个性化推荐系统的主要目标.文中基于热扩散传播概率模型,结合用户在社交网络中隐含的跟随关系,提出基于热扩散影响力传播的社交网络个性化推荐算法.首先,算法将现实生活中人与人的朋友关系转化为购物网络中用户与用户的跟随关系,构建异构信息网络图,计算用户之间的复合相似度.然后,利用基于热扩散概率模型模拟社会网络中影响力的传播过程,计算社交网络中用户的跟随概率分数并精确排序,筛选与目标用户相似的邻近用户.最后,根据目标邻近用户对各个产品的评分,将评分较高、具有潜在兴趣的产品推荐给目标用户,实现个性化的用户推荐.在公开数据集上与现有的个性化推荐算法进行对比,实验表明,文中算法具有较好的精确度和多样化的推荐效果.     

When does web-based personalization really work? The distinction between actual personalization and perceived personalization

A number of prior studies have suggested that personalization is more efficacious than non-personalization. However, the existing literature is somewhat ambiguous on whether the test of personalization effects should be based on a message sender's actual personalization process or a message recipient's perception of the message. It is argued in this article that an actual personalization process does not automatically yield more favorable effects because people's perceptions of personalized messages tend to be biased. Through three experiments, it is demonstrated that testing personalization effects based on a message sender's actual personalization process can be problematic and produce misleading results. Specifically, a personalized message can be perceived as non-personalized and a non-personalized message can be perceived as personalized. The key finding is that perceived personalization, instead of actual personalization, is the underlying psychological mechanism of message effectiveness. A message will show superior effects when it is perceived to be personalized by a message recipient, regardless of whether it is actually personalized or not.     

基于数据挖掘的Web个性化信息推荐系统

基于数据挖掘的Web个性化信息推荐日益成为一个重要的研究课题。文章设计了一个基于数据挖掘的Web个性化信息推荐系统(WPIRS)。在WPIRS中,提出了推荐策略,在推荐策略中考虑针对不同类型的用户采用不同的推荐算法。根据用户是否有新颖信息的需求,WPIRS采用了两种推荐算法。     

基于CT图像和反求技术的个性化解剖型钢板设计

提出了基于CT扫描数据图像,采用反求工程(RE)与计算机辅助设计(CAD),计算机辅助制造(CAM)技术,设计针对不同患者的个性化解剖型钢板的新方法。对于一般非粉碎性骨折情况的个体,完成其骨折部位的三维数字化复合与矫正,进而确定其最佳内固定方案和钢板设计方案,并在CAD中完成钢板的设计工作,实现钢板与复位骨骼的虚拟装配,模拟手术过程。最后对钢板选取适当材料进行数控编程,加工。实验表明:此种钢板具有比标准化钢板更好的贴合性,并且具有良好的强度。该方法也为骨科手术提供了一定的理论参考依据和相应的手术参考模型,同时也为生物力学分析提供了理论模型。     

河北省矿产资源综合利用政策效果及对策

河北省矿产资源种类多、储量大,共伴生资源丰富,开发利用规模大,尾矿废石分布广、数量大,这些特点决定了河北省矿产资源开发必须走集约节约与综合利用之路。本文论述了河北省矿业开发中存在的问题及实行矿产资源综合利用的必然性,简要介绍了国家对矿产资源综合利用所实行的主要扶持政策以及河北省配套的政策及主要做法,总结了这些政策实施后对综合利用工作的推动作用和主要效果,并结合河北省实际提出了今后需采取的主要对策措施。