Modelling of hydrologic processes and potential response to climate change through the use of a multisite SWAT

Hydrologic models that use components for integrated modelling of surface water and groundwater systems help conveniently simulate the dynamically linked hydrologic and hydraulic processes that govern flow conditions in watersheds. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one such model that allows continuous simulations over long time periods in the land phase of the hydrologic cycle by incorporating surface water and groundwater interactions. This study provides a verified structure for the SWAT to evaluate existing flow regimes in a small-sized catchment in Denmark and examines a simple simulation to help quantify the effects of climate change on regional water quantities. SWAT can be regarded among the alternative hydrologic simulation tools applicable for catchments with similar characteristics and of similar sizes in Denmark. However, the modellers would be required to determine a proper set of effective model parameters and agree on a proper balancing among different calibration sites during all parameter optimization trials.     

化工专业的物理化学课程教学

化学工程专业的物理化学教学,应针对物理化学的课程特点,结合学生专业讲述课程主要内容。文章从结合课程系统性特点强调学科框架的重要性、如何提高理论联系实践能力、如何将教学内容与实践结合等几个方面,谈了物理化学课程教学的几点体会,介绍了物理化学课程教学环节中的一些具体做法。教学实践表明:将多种教学方法、手段和教学内容有机地结合,有效地激发了学生的学习兴趣,从而显著提高教学质量。     

Liquid penetration length of heptamethylnonane and trimethylpentane under unsteady in-cylinder conditions

While strategies employing early or late direct-injection of fuel can improve emissions, they also can lead to impingement of liquid-phase fuel on the piston and/or cylinder wall due to low in-cylinder temperatures and densities during the injection event. Previous work has shown that liquid-phase fuel films formed in this way can lead to pronounced degradations in efficiency and emissions. To avoid these problems, a quantitative understanding of fuel-property effects on the liquid penetration length is needed, and this understanding must include conditions where in-cylinder thermodynamic conditions and the injection rate vary with time. This work reports liquid penetration lengths measured in an optical engine under such time-varying conditions. Diagnostics included laser light scattering for measurement of the liquid length and conventional pressure-data acquisition for heat-release analysis. Unsteady liquid penetration was characterized for different injection timings, injection pressures, intake-manifold pressures, and fuel volatilities to gain an understanding of the relative importance of these factors. Fuel volatility was studied by using two fuels, 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN) and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), which have very different volatility characteristics. Measured liquid lengths changed as in-cylinder conditions changed, with increasing temperature and density during the compression stroke causing a decrease in liquid length, and decreasing temperature and density during the expansion stroke causing an increase in liquid length. Intake-manifold pressure and fuel volatility were found to be primary factors governing liquid length. Heat loss from the charge gas to the engine and local charge cooling due to fuel vaporization were found to have a secondary influence on liquid length. Injection pressure was found to have little effect.     

Determination of the eutectic solubility lines of the ternary system NaHCO3–Na2CO3–H2O

A crystallizer was built and a procedure developed to accurately measure the eutectic solubility lines where ice and salt coexist in equilibrium with the solution, for potential application of Eutectic Freeze Crystallization. The eutectic solubility lines of the ternary system NaHCO₃–Na₂CO₃–H₂O were determined experimentally and calculated with the extended UNIQUAC model. The extended UNIQUAC model describes the experimental data quite well. Anhydrous NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃·10H₂O were the only two types of crystals present in equilibrium with ice crystals in the ternary system. At the quadruple point NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃·10H₂O are in equilibrium with a solution of about 4.34 wt% of Na₂CO₃ and 4.77 wt% of NaHCO₃ at −3.32 °C. The anhydrous NaHCO₃ crystals were needle shaped with lengths between 5 and 10 μm, that were agglomerated into particles of about 100–300 μm, while the Na₂CO₃·10H₂O crystals were hexagonally shaped with sizes between 100 and 500 μm.     

Safety aspects in modelling and operating of batch and semibatch stirred tank chemical reactors

Safety aspects in modelling of batch and semibatch stirred tank reactors as well as a model based safety analysis have been considered. Applicability of two basic types of models – i.e. the perfectly mixed reactor model and the CFD model, both formulated for laboratory scale as well as pilot plant scale reactors – has been discussed. A formulation of the appropriate reactor model, which is adequate to the considered case study has been demonstrated and tested experimentally. Particular attention has been devoted to the formulation of robust CFD models employed to simulate a performance of the stirred tank reactors. It has been found that models for perfectly mixed reactors may have quite wide range of application, while the CFD models should be definitely used in case of fast reactions, high viscosity of the reacting mixture as well as of failure leading to stopping of the impeller. The CFD models are able to predict a dynamic behaviour of reactors at any circumstances, so they can play a significant role in safety analysis carried out for industrial scale reactors, for which experimental safety tests are expensive and dangerous.     

“加缺法”——一种新的设计原电池解析式的教学方法

通过多年的物理化学课程教学实践和思考,我们摸索出一种可以方便快捷地由化学反应设计相应原电池解析式的新教学方法,谓之为＂加缺法＂。多年的实践经验证明,该方法确实对学生较好掌握由电池反应设计相应原电池的方法有很大帮助。     

Effect of wall velocities on the determination of optimal separation times in electrical field flow fractionation (EFFF)

Electrical field flow fractionation (EFFF) has two perpendicular driving forces that help to produce an optimal separation of solute in a mixture [Giddings, Science 1993; 260:1456–1465]. For Couette flow based devices, the ratio of the velocity of the capillary walls offers an extra parameter that can be exploited to enhance the efficiency of EFFF applications. The analysis of the effects of this parameter on optimal times of separation is the subject matter of this contribution. The use of this additional parameter increases flexibility in the design of new devices for the improvement of the separation of solutes, such as proteins, DNA, and pharmaceuticals, as it will be illustrated with the results of this analysis (Jaroszeski et al., 2000 ; Trinh et al., 1999 ). The analysis has been illustrated by selecting parameter values that represent a number of potential useful applications. A set of five parameters (i.e., z, the valence; µ, electrophoretic mobility; Pe, Peclet number; Ω, the orthogonal applied electrical field; and R, the ratio of channel wall velocities) has been combined to obtain the best operating conditions for optimal separation of solutes. Results indicate that R, the ratio of the channel wall velocities, is actually the most important driving parameter.     

Physical scale modelling of adhered spill plume entrainment

This work provides new experimental data to characterise entrainment of air into adhered thermal spill plumes using physical scale modelling. For the two-dimensional plume, the rate of entrainment with respect to height of rise is approximately half that of an equivalent two-dimensional balcony spill plume. For the three-dimensional plume, the rate of entrainment appears to be linked to the plume behaviour, which has been characterised in terms of the width and depth of the layer flow below the spill edge. In general, a layer flow below the spill edge that is shallow compared to its width will tend to adhere to the wall above the opening compared to flows whose depth approaches its width. This work proposes new empirical entrainment design formulae that have been developed on a more general basis compared to existing methods.     

Do existing ecological classifications characterize the spatial variability of stream temperatures in the Great Lakes Basin,Ontario?

Ecological classifications of stream ecosystems have been used to develop monitoring programs, identify reference and impacted systems, and focus conservation efforts. One of the most influential, but highly variable, components of stream ecosystems is water temperature but few geographically broad-scale and long-term programs exist to assess and monitor temperatures. This study evaluated if existing ecological classifications could be used to categorize the similarities and differences in stream temperatures across the Ontario portion of the Great Lakes Basin. Concordance between the spatial variability in temperatures and an existing ecological classification would support the use of that classification to define areas with similar temperatures, guide the development of a monitoring program, and inform management programs. The five classifications evaluated were the ecoregions and ecodistricts defined in the National Ecological Framework for Canada, the ecoregions and ecodistricts defined in the Ecological Land Classification of Ontario, and the aquatic ecosystem units defined in the Aquatic Ecosystem Classification (AEC) for the Ontario portion of the Great Lakes Basin. Hierarchical linear modelling and corrected Akaike Information Criterion indicated that the ecodistrict classifications characterized more of the spatial variability in temperatures than the ecoregion and AEC classification but temperatures were more variable among sites within classes than between classes. Therefore, none of the existing ecological classifications could be used to characterize thermal variability. Future research should examine if the inability of the existing classifications to capture the thermal variability translates into inaccurate classification of other ecosystem components such as water quality, and macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages.