Insight into biochar properties and its cost analysis

Biochars (BCs) are widely produced and used for the remediation of environmental contaminants as bio-sorbents. In this review, statistical analysis of different BC physico–chemical properties was conducted. It was observed that woody materials are the most suitable for preparing BCs, among many other potential raw materials such as food wastes and agricultural materials. Currently BCs are produced through a variety of thermal treatment processes between 300 and 900 °C, among which slow pyrolysis is widely used due to its moderate operating conditions and optimization of BC yields. Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) is also an effective approach for BC production under certain conditions. As pyrolysis temperature is increased, the carbon content, ash content, surface area, and pore volume tend to be increased while the yield, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen content, and H/C and O/C molar ratios tend to decrease. The economic feasibility of BCs depends on a range of factors from raw material price to efficient production technologies. Thus, the overall cost equation of a pilot BC production plant together with the cost equation for BC regeneration has been proposed. The future research directions of BCs are also elaborated.     

Speeding up a Rollout algorithm for complex parallel machine scheduling

Rollout methodology is a constructive metaheuristic algorithm and its main characteristics are its modularity, the adaptability to different objectives and constraints and the easiness of implementation. Multi-heuristic Rollout extends the Rollout by incorporating several constructive heuristics in the Rollout framework and it is able to easily incorporate human experience inside its research patterns to fulfil complex requirements dictated by the application at hand. However, a drawback for both Rollout and multi-heuristic Rollout is often represented by the required computation time. This paper proposes some alternatives of the full multi-heuristic Rollout algorithm aimed at improving the efficiency by reducing the computational effort while preserving the effectiveness. Namely, we propose dynamic heuristics pruning and candidates reduction strategies. As illustrative case studies, we analyse complex deterministic identical parallel machine scheduling problems showing how Rollout procedures can be used to tackle several additional constraints arising in real contexts. More specifically, we considered both standard (batch production, family set-ups, release, due dates, etc.) and non-standard (machine unavailabilities, maximum campaign size) scheduling constraints. An extensive campaign of computational experiments shows the behaviour of the multi-heuristic Rollout approach and the effectiveness of the different proposed speed-up methods.     

中国（上海）自由贸易试验区配套服务设施优化探讨--基于对自由贸易试验区现状与需求特征的分析

上海自贸试验区由外高桥保税区、浦东机场保税区和洋山保税港区3大区域组成，作为自贸试验区的主体功能，金融、贸易、会展等商务设施快速发展，建树显著。但与其主体功能相辅的配套服务设施，则由于三区不同的阶段和特征都各不相同，在一定程度上影响着自贸试验区的软实力提升。探讨如何结合自贸试验区的特殊性，从特征分析和需求调查出发，寻求适合于当前需求及发展形势的配套服务优化之路。     

Where to for Brazil's Cities? Citizen Empowerment or Global Marketing?

An awakening interest in public space in Brazilian cities is emphasising the value of existing civic areas. Guilherme Wisnik , a critic, curator and professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, looks at the history and potential future of Brazil's urban spaces. He highlights how despite the introduction of innovative Modernist design in the mid-20th century, which forged ‘a new relationship between architecture, urbanism and landscape design’, more recently the country's cities have been subject to the vicissitudes of market and political forces.     

The perils of foreign intervention: the Nile perch disaster for Lake Victoria

The present study involved the use of a pilot scale water treatment plant to treat turbid surface water from a stream using processed Moringa oleifera seed and alum as primary coagulants. At low initial turbidity of 21.5 to 49.3 NTU, residual turbidities of 2.7, 1.8 and 1.4 NTU were achieved after treatment using Moringa oleifera, alum, and alum with Moringa oleifera as coagulant‐aid, respectively. For medium turbidities varying from 51.8 to 114 NTU, lowest residual turbidities of 2.9, 1.2 and 1.4 were achieved after treatment using Moringa oleifera, alum, and alum with Moringa oleifera as coagulant‐aid, respectively. For high turbidity varying from 163 to 494 NTU, minimum residuals of 1.4, 1.9 and 0.9 NTU were achieved after treatment using Moringa oleifera, alum, and alum with Moringa oleifera as coagulant‐aid, respectively. The proposed mechanism for turbidity removal by Moringa oleifera seed in this study is a combination of partial‐charge neutralization and micro‐bridging or an electrostatic patch mechanism based on the results of zeta potential measurements.     

基于AMESim的先导式溢流阀静态性能的仿真和优化

根据先导式溢流阀的原理,对其进行了抽象和简化,并在AMESim HCD库中建立了先导式溢流阀的仿真模型。针对先导式溢流阀传统设计方法中存在的问题,提出了一种先导式溢流阀参数优化的新思路,并通过DB10-2-L5X/35型先导式溢流阀进行了应用验证。     

多径衰落信道中导引辅助二维扩频的导引功率优化

在多径衰落信道中,针对BPSK调制的广义二维扩频系统,该文分析了导引符号与数据符号的功率比对导引辅助相干解调的误码率性能的影响,在系统总的发射功率一定的条件下,优化了导引符号与数据符号的功率比。结果表明,分析结果与仿真结果相吻合,导引符号与数据符号功率比的最优值是由多径信道的信噪比、多普勒频移、多径时延、低通滤波器的特性等因素决定的。     

运动发酵单胞菌发酵产乙醇的中试研究

从6株Zymomonas.mobilis基因工程菌中筛选出一株乙醇高产菌Z4,在500ml摇瓶小试的基础上利用5L全自动发酵罐进行了中试放大。结果表明Z4菌株的最适初糖浓度为18%;pH6.0,35℃,发酵48h乙醇最高含量达67.9g·L-1,得率达77.0%。补料分批培养实验结果表明,补料时机以发酵起始后24h为佳,发酵48h后乙醇含量达最高值93.1g·L-1,得率为77.6%。     

Ozone Application for the Improvement of UASB Reactor Effluent I. Physical-Chemical and Biological Appraisal

Ozonation can improve the effluent characteristics of UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors treating domestic sewage, by removing organic matter, solids, surfactants, color and microorganisms. In Brazil, part of the effluent of a 120 msup3; UASB reactor, fed with screened domestic sewage at an hydraulic retention time of 7 hours, was post-treated in a two-column ozonation system of 300 liters total volume. With a contact time of 50 minutes and ozone application dosage of 16.7 mg/L, the following removals were obtained at the ozonation step: 51‰ BOD, 56‰COD, 76‰ TSS, 62‰ color, and 91‰ surfactants. Pathogens and indicator organisms were inactivated to over 99.9‰. Ozonation completely destroyed Salmonella, protozoa cysts and helminth eggs and larvae.     

Rapid and reliable tuning of dynamic distillation column models on experimental data

A systematic procedure is presented to assist the calibration of tray distillation column models over plant data. Practical suggestions are provided that contribute to reduce the time needed to check the closure of the experimental material and energy balances. Typical modeling inaccuracies that may have a strong impact in the model performance are highlighted. A set of "cold" and "hot" test runs is suggested to minimize the time that is needed to reliably tune the model in view of using it for control system design and testing. The procedure is discussed with reference to the experimental results obtained in a pilot-plant column.