高分子乳液型养护剂的研制及应用

通过优化养护剂组分,研制出有效保水率高、在新鲜混凝土面成膜快的高分子乳液型养护剂,室内对比研究了三种养护方式（标准养护、自然养护和养护剂养护）对混凝土强度、耐久性和塑性收缩、开裂的影响,并采用该养护剂在干旱风沙地区进行了工程应用。结果表明,与标准养护相比,养护剂养护下混凝土7d 前强度不降低,56d强度仅降低约5%,90d 自然碳化深度为0,氯离子渗透性略有增加;成膜养护剂能有效降低混凝土塑性收缩和开裂程度,用于干旱风沙地区混凝土养护具有明显的技术经济性能优势。     

Acoustic emission from the initiation of plastic deformation of Polyethylenes during tensile tests

The acoustic emission (AE) technique has been used in the aim to detect and to observe the initiation of plasticity and damage of several Polyethylenes (PE) during tensile tests. The detection of acoustic signals originating from the deformation of the material is challenging since PE samples strongly attenuate ultrasonic waves. A weak acoustic activity has been recorded during the tests. The use of two types of PE specimens and two methodologies based on the elimination and the discrimination of spurious sources has shown that most of the AE signals truly originate from the plastic deformation of materials. We also observed that the acoustic activity increases with strain rate. Besides, some AE signals are located along the specimen length during tensile tests at high strain rate. The acoustic activity increases strongly with the crystallinity. Micro-cavities, formed before the yield point of PE samples with high crystallinity in particular, likely initiate the release of acoustic energy. In addition, some signals are collected on PE samples, which do not exhibit a formation of cavitation. Hence, the shearing of crystallites and/or the fragmentation of crystalline lamellae may also be a source of the release of acoustic energies.     

Cavitation during deformation of semicrystalline polymers

Cavitation phenomenon is observed during deformation in many semicrystalline polymers above their glass transition temperature. Numerous voids (cavities) both nanometer and micrometer size are formed inside amorphous phase between lamellae during deformation of a polymer. The cavitation is observed only in tension, never during compression or shearing. Most often used methods of voids detection are: microscopies (SEM, TEM, AFM and light microscopy), small angle X-ray scattering and measurements of density. Usually the voids are detected close to yielding or at yielding, strongly suggesting that yielding is often caused by cavitation. However, there is a competition between two processes: breaking of amorphous phase leading to cavitation and plastic deformation of lamellar crystals. Which process occurs first depends on the relation between compliances of those two phases. If the crystals are weak and defected their deformation occurs (mostly by chain slips mechanism) without cavitation. If the crystals in a polymer are thick and more perfect then the barrier for their deformation, represented by shear yielding stress, is increased and the cavitation sets in first and yielding is determined by the stress needed for cavitation. Further deformation involves deformation of crystals due to rapid local change of stress around voids. The influence of different morphological factors: crystal thickness, crystallinity degree, arrangement of crystalline elements (e.g. in spherulites), morphology of amorphous phase (free volume, entanglements, tie molecules) were analyzed. Experimental factors, such as temperature of deformation and rate of deformation influence remarkably the formation of cavities. Cavitation is generated at points where a high local triaxial state of stress is developed. Triaxiality of stress can be amplified by a notch, even very mild notch with large radius of curvature stimulates generation of cavities. Evolution of nano-cavities into micro-cavities and change of their shapes with increasing deformation were evidenced by SAXS. Initially voids are oriented perpendicularly to deformation direction, however, with increasing elongation they become oriented along deformation direction. Stress whitening is visual sign of cavitation and is caused be light scattering either by microvoids or by assemblies of nanovoids.     

Some characteristics of X-ray imaging for energy region of over 100 keV using plastic scintillation fiber array

In this work, characteristics of using PSFs （plastic scintillation fibers） coupled with CCD （charge-coupled devices ） to build area detectors for high energy X-ray imaging are studied with a Monte Carlo simulation, which cover an energy range of a few hundred keV to about 20 MeV. It was found that the efficiency of PSF in detecting X-ray with energy above a few hundred keV is low. We can use large incident flux to increase the output signal to noise ratio （SNR）. The performance can also be improved by coating PSF with X-ray absorption layers and the MTF of the system is presented. By optimizing the absorption layer thickness, the crosstalk of the area detector built with PSF decreases.     

Effect of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution on the Strain Hardening Behavior of a Medium-Entropy Alloy

The evolution of strain hardening behavior of the Fe_(50)(CoCrMnNi)_(50) medium-entropy alloy as a function of the fraction of recrystallized microstructure and the grain size was studied using the Hollomon and Ludwigson equations.The specimens under study were partially recrystallized,fully recrystallized with ultrafine-grained microstructure,and fully recrystallized with coarse grains.The yield strength decreases steadily as the fraction of recry stallized micro structure and grain size increases due to the recovery process and the Hall-Petch effect.Interestingly,the bimodal grain distribution was found to have a significant impact on strain hardening during plastic deformation.For instance,the highest ultimate tensile strength was exhibited by a 0.97 μm specimen,which was observed to contain a bimodal grain distribution.Furthermore,using the Ludwigson equation,the effect of the bimodal grain distribution was established from the behavior of K_2 and n1 curves.These curves tend to show very high values in the specimens with a bimodal grain distribution compared to those that show a homogenous grain distribution.Additionally,the bimodal grain distribution contributes to the extensive L(u|")ders strain observed in the 0.97 μm specimen,which induces a significant deviation of the Hollomon equation at lower strains.     

基于绿色制造的金属塑性精成形

金属塑性成形加工在产品制造过程中具有举足轻重的地位。但传统的加工方法存在以下不足：材料利用率很低;能源浪费严重;振动、噪声对操作工人以及周边环境产生严重危害和污染。本文综合分析了传统金属塑性成形加工在资源、能源及环境等方面存在的普遍症结,提出了节约资源、能源、环境保护,确保可持续发展是金属塑性成形理论与技术发展的重大课题。实现绿色塑性成形加工,应从技术、工艺和设备三方面入手,走金属塑性精成形之路。     

竹炭的改性及对PP废塑料性能影响的研究

首先用硅烷偶联剂γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)处理竹炭(BC)得到K-BC,再通过熔融共混制备了一系列的K-BC/聚丙烯废洗衣机料(X-PP)复合材料,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了BC的形貌,分析了K-BC含量对复合材料物理性能、尺寸稳定性、热变形温度(HDT)及维卡软化温度(VST)的影响.结果发现,BC...     

免充气塑料轮胎支撑结构对性能的影响

免充气塑料轮胎的支撑结构对轮胎性能有直接影响。本研究提出了一种具有连续支撑结构的免充气轮胎,利用ABAQUS软件,与两种现有免充气轮胎进行应力大小、接地性能以及刚度性能的对比。结果表明:连续支撑结构可改善免充气轮胎的应力,接地压力的分布均匀性;同时,连续支撑结构轮胎的纵向刚度、横向刚度均远好于同规格现有免充气轮胎和子午线轮胎;扭转刚度性能接近同规格子午线轮胎。通过分析可知,连续支撑结构轮胎在复杂工况路面有显著的优势,具有良好的发展前景。     

塑料薄膜材料在微藻培养环境中的稳定性和生物附着行为

考察了6种薄膜材料在次氯酸钠(NaClO)溶液、HCl溶液(pH=2)和NaOH溶液(pH=12)中的稳定性及其在普通小球藻培养体系中的生物附着行为。结果表明,聚氯乙烯(PVC)在3种溶液中浸泡后420 nm处的透光率下降约50%,聚氨酯(PU)在NaClO溶液中、乙烯?醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)在NaOH溶液中浸泡后420 nm处的透光率下降10%?15%,聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)在3种溶液中浸泡后的透光率没有明显变化;6种薄膜材料在普通小球藻培养体系中均有微藻明显附着,浸泡7 d后透光率明显下降,其中PVC表面附着最严重,浸泡7 d后透光率接近0,附着物量随浸泡时间延长而增加,浸泡45 d后达3069 ?g/cm2;其它5种薄膜表面附着物量先增加后降低,PU和EVA在第15 d时、PE, PP和PET在第30 d时附着物量最大,分别为292, 375, 292, 194和236 ?g/cm2。     

多视图3D液晶显示器显示深度计算

给出了针对多视图3D液晶显示器的虚体素明确的定义,对虚体素的特性做了说明。在深入掌握多视图3D液晶显示器显示原理的基础上,对虚体素显示深度做了详细的研究。研究了虚体素显示深度与同名点距离以及观察距离的关系,并以StereoGraphics公司的Symthagram204显示器为例作了定量计算。针对该显示器,根据透镜阵列折射原理给出公式,计算了不同同名点距离时最远的可观察距离;在此基础上,对不同的同名点距离计算了最大的虚体素显示深度,在给定两眼间距为65mm时,得出该型显示器的最佳观察距离为1.26m。研究结果为多视图3D液晶显示器性能的度量和比较提供了一个定量的标准。