卡林型金矿化学氧化预处理技术研究现状

介绍了卡林型金矿的分布概况及矿物学特征,指出实践中常用化学氧化法对卡林型金矿进行预处理来提高金的浸出率,重点介绍了硝酸预氧化法、碱预氧化法、高锰酸钾预氧化法、过氧化物预氧化法、氯气预氧化法及次氯酸盐预氧化法在卡林型金矿预处理方面的研究进展。提出化学氧化法对操作过程要求高,实际生产时应注意设备参数的实时调控,优化和改进反应设备和工艺,研发更加环保、价廉、高效的预处理药剂和工艺将是化学预氧化法处理卡林型金矿的研究方向。     

苏州某自来水厂排泥水处理系统运行优化试验研究

为提升自来水厂排泥水处理系统运行效率,降低水厂耗水率,开展排泥水预处理试验和浓缩池动态模型试验.结果表明:与预处理前相比,投加0.3 mg/L阳离子型PAM,可以使排泥水中粒径小于5μm的颗粒占比减少22％,粒径大于10μm的颗粒占比提高110％,颗粒沉降速率提高20％,上清液浊度下降75％.根据浓缩池动态模型试验结果...     

Methane reforming with carbon dioxide over a Ni/ZiO2–SiO2 catalyst: Influence of pretreatment gas atmospheres

Carbon dioxide reforming of methane to synthesis gas was studied over Ni/ZrO₂–SiO₂ catalyst under different pretreatment atmospheres. Characterization using powder X-ray diffraction, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction, H₂ temperature-programmed hydrogenation, TG/DTA, XPS, Raman spectra and transmission electron microscopy techniques revealed that gas atmospheres employed in the catalyst pretreatment have a significant influence on the catalytic performance. The helium-pretreated catalyst was found to be the most suitable catalyst for this application, showing the improved catalytic performance. More specifically, helium pretreatment facilitated the generation of well-distributed active metal sites while the heterogeneity of Ni components upon H₂ pretreatment degraded catalytic activity of metal sites considerably. Pretreatment under CO atmosphere resulted in the formation of carbon encapsulated metal species thus causing catalyst deactivation severely. Inefficient reduction under CH₄ activation and the presence of a great amount of carbonaceous species, disfavor the production of synthesis gas during the dry reforming.     

装备表面微磨料喷砂快速清洗及预处理研究

战场条件下装备战损零部件表面清洗与预处理是装备战场应急维修或再制造过程中的重要工序,本文通过喷砂实验,采用单纯CaCO2、棕刚玉及石英砂磨料,对45钢及7A52型装甲铝合金进行喷砂处理,借助X射线应力测定仪、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、划痕测试仪等检测设备对一定喷砂条件下喷砂后试件表面形貌、粗糙度变化及应力状态等进行测试分析。研究结果表明采用纯CaCO2磨料在试样表面喷砂后的粗糙度值较低,纯棕刚玉磨料的粗糙度值较高,采用经过混合后的磨料喷射后的表面粗糙度介于两者之间,并且经过喷砂后被喷射表面应力为压应力,对喷砂后应力状态影响的重要性次序依次是：粒径、流量、压强和距离。     

Enhanced enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw

Production of bioethanol by the conversion of lignocellulosic waste has attracted much interest in recent years, because of its low cost and great potential availability. The pretreatment process is important for increasing the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic materials. Enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw was evaluated in this study. The freeze pretreatment was found to significantly increase the enzyme digestibility of rice straw from 48% to 84%. According to the results, enzymatic hydrolysis of unpretreated rice straw with 150 U cellulase and 100 U xylanase for 48 h yielded 226.77 g kg⁻¹ and 93.84 g kg⁻¹ substrate-reducing sugars respectively. However, the reducing sugar yields from freeze pretreatment under the same conditions were 417.27 g kg⁻¹ and 138.77 g kg⁻¹ substrate, respectively. In addition, hydrolyzates analysis showed that the highest glucose yield obtained during the enzymatic hydrolysis step in the present study was 371.91 g kg⁻¹ of dry rice straw, following pretreatment. Therefore, the enhanced enzymatic conversion with freeze pretreatment of rice straw was observed in this study. This indicated that freeze pretreatment was highly effective for enzymatic hydrolysis and low environmental impact.     

Effect of zinc immersion pretreatment on the electro-deposition of Ni onto AZ91D magnesium alloy

The effect of zinc immersion pretreatment on the quality and properties of Ni deposited layer on the AZ91D Mg alloy has been studied. The evolution of surface morphology, composition and microstructure of the AZ91D Mg alloy in the process of pretreatment was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the activation step results in the deposition of some composite membranes consisted of fluoride and phosphate or pyrophosphate formed preferentially in the α phase region of the Mg alloy surface, while zinc immersion leads to the deposition of a network-like Zn layer formed preferentially in the β phase region of the Mg alloy surface. Cyclic voltammogram, dynamic potential scanning polarization technique and chronopotentionmetry measurements showed that the deposited Zn layer can markedly improve the anti-corrosion ability of the Mg alloy substrate in the Ni-plating solution and improve the nucleation and growth of Ni onto the surface of the Mg alloy substrate. With the proper Zn immersion pretreatment, a compact Ni layer can be electro-deposited on the magnesium alloy. The deposited Ni layer shows good adhesion to the Mg alloy substrate. The Mg alloy specimens after deposition of Ni have good anti-corrosion properties in a neutral 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.     

Enhancement of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance by boiling a membrane electrode assembly in sulfuric acid solution

A catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) as used in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is treated by dilute sulfuric acid solution (0.5 M) at boiling temperature for 1 h. This treatment improves the single-cell performance of the CCM without further addition of Pt catalyst. The changed microstructure and electrochemical properties of the catalyst layer are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, mercury intrusion porosimetry, waterdrop contact angle measurement, Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry in attenuated total reflection mode, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that this pretreatment enhances MEA performance by changing the microstructure of the catalyst layer and thus changing the degree of hydration, and by modifying the Pt surface, thus enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction.     

Microbial hydrogen production from sewage sludge bioaugmented with a constructed microbial consortium

A constructed microbial consortium was formulated from three facultative H₂-producing anaerobic bacteria, Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08, Citrobacter freundii IIT-BT L139 and Bacillus coagulans IIT-BT S1. This consortium was tested as the seed culture for H₂ production. In the initial studies with defined medium (MYG), E. cloacae produced more H₂ than the other two strains and it also was found to be the dominant member when consortium was used. On the other hand, B. coagulans as a pure culture gave better H₂ yield (37.16 ml H₂/g COD_consumed) than the other two strains using sewage sludge as substrate. The pretreatment of sludge included sterilization (15% v/v), dilution and supplementation with 0.5% w/v glucose, which was found to be essential to screen out the H₂ consuming bacteria and ameliorate the H₂ production. Considering (1:1:1) defined consortium as inoculum, COD reduction was higher and yield of H₂ was recorded to be 41.23 ml H₂/g COD_reduced. Microbial profiling of the spent sludge showed that B. coagulans was the dominant member in the constructed consortium contributing towards H₂ production. Increase in H₂ yield indicated that in consortium, the substrate utilization was significantly higher. The H₂ yield from pretreated sludge (35.54 ml H₂/g sludge) was comparatively higher than that reported in literature (8.1–16.9 ml H₂/g sludge). Employing formulated microbial consortium for biohydrogen production is a successful attempt to augment the H₂ yield from sewage sludge.     

锌浸出渣浮选银的预处理研究

在锌精矿的沸腾焙烧过程中,温度高于650℃时,生成的氧化锌及氧化铁结合成铁酸锌,是一种难溶于稀硫酸的铁氧体,全部留在浸出渣中。高温高酸浸出条件控制愈好,铁酸锌被溶解的愈多,硫化锌被破坏的就愈彻底,渣含锌就愈低,金属回收率就愈高,而且有利于银的浮选。针对某冶炼厂湿法炼锌渣,采用高温高酸浸出和浮选的方法回收锌、银,高温高酸浸出液经过除铁得到的溶液返回锌系统回收锌,高温高酸浸出渣经过一次粗选两次精选三次扫选的试验流程,得到了品位达到了2017.45g/t,回收率达到78.44%的银精矿。     

Effects of pretreatment methods on solubilization of beet-pulp and bio-hydrogen production yield

Sugar processing wastewater and beet-pulp are two major waste streams of sugar-beet processing plants. Contrary to wastewater, beet-pulp is generally used as animal feed in cattle-raising industry. However, it can serve as a substrate for bio-hydrogen production which corresponds to a higher valorization of beet-pulp. Moreover, pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials like beet-pulp is needed in order to improve overall energy efficiency and enable economic feasibility of bio-hydrogen production. Therefore, the effect pretreatment methods (alkaline, thermal, microwave, thermal-alkaline and microwave-alkaline) on bio-hydrogen production from sugar beet-pulp through dark fermentation were investigated in this study. Reactors pretreated with alkaline, microwave-alkaline and thermal-alkaline methods yielded significant solubilization of beet-pulp compared to others. Therefore, in the second phase of the study, they were used to pretreat the beet-pulp which was then subjected to dark fermentation for bio-hydrogen production. Maximum bio-hydrogen production yield of 115.6 mL H₂/g COD was observed in reactor which contained alkaline pretreated beet-pulp.