Pricing and collecting decisions in a closed-loop supply chain with symmetric and asymmetric information

The optimal decision problem of a closed-loop supply chain with symmetric and asymmetric information structures is considered using game theory in this paper. The paper aims to explore how the manufacturer and the retailer make their own decisions about wholesale price, retail price, and collection rate under symmetric and asymmetric information conditions. Four game models are established, which allow one to examine the strategies of each firm and explore the role of the manufacturer and the retailer in four different game scenarios under symmetric and asymmetric information structures. The optimal strategies in closed form are given under the decision scenarios with symmetric information; moreover, the first order conditions that the optimal retail price, optimal wholesale price, and optimal collection rate satisfy are given under the decision scenarios with asymmetric information. The results obtained under symmetric and asymmetric information conditions and some key model parameters used in this paper are analyzed using a numerical approach by which some managerial analysis are given.     

Effects of the pricing and cooperative advertising policies in a two-echelon dual-channel supply chain

The rapid development of e-commerce has reduced the intermediary channels between manufacturers and consumers and changed consumption patterns. However, channel conflicts occur when manufacturers engage in direct sales. Using traditional and direct online channels as its setting, this paper evaluates the impact of price schemes and cooperative advertising mechanisms on dual-channel supply chain competition. Our analysis offers structural and quantitative insights into the interplay between upstream and downstream entities in the supply chain, helping managers to understand the interplay between the upstream and downstream entities of a dual channel structure.     

An empirical examination of the distributional impacts of water pricing reforms

Water pricing reforms may promote conservation and economic efficiency. However, it is possible for water pricing reforms to be regressive. We estimate Stone-Geary and double-log residential water demand functions using data from the Capital Region District of British Columbia, Canada. Two price reforms are simulated: an across-the-board price increase and an increasing block rate structure. The distributional impacts depend on the specification of water demands. For the across-the-board price increase, the double-log model shows no change in the distribution of water expenditures while the Stone-Geary specification indicates a worsening of the inequality of water expenditures.     

福建某银铜多金属矿石选矿工艺优化

福建某银铜多金属矿石由于铜品位较低,现场采用单一浮银工艺获得银精矿,金、铜仅作为伴生元素回收。由于铜在氰化浸金、银过程中的消极作用较大,因此铜的计价系数仅为01,且金、银的计价系数也受到影响。为提高矿山和湿法冶金企业的经济效益,为工艺完善与改造提供依据,对该矿石进行了部分优先快速浮铜-金银混合浮选研究。结果表明：在现场磨矿细度下,采用1粗2精快速选铜、1粗1扫2精选银工艺处理该矿石,取得的铜精矿铜、金、银品位分别为2203%、3221 g/t、2 36000 g/t,回收率分别为4651%、3221%、1254%,银精矿铜、金、银品位分别为149%、412 g/t、1 23600 g/t,回收率分别为4023%、5269%、8401%,金、银、铜的经济价值均得到显著提高。     

Modelling and optimization of quality and costs on empirical data of hearth bread

Mathematical programming is an optimization technique, which can be used to simultaneously ensure several qualities of a product (cost, chemical composition, product characteristics, etc.). This requires mathematical models for the qualities, and especially different characteristics of a product may be challenging to model. One approach is to make empirical models based on data from experimental designs. In the present paper hearth breads are studied. The protein quality and protein content of the wheat flour have together with the mixing and proving time been found critical for hearth bread characteristics. By adjusting the process settings according to wheat flour properties, hearth breads within acceptable quality limits may be made from very different flours. A mixture-process design was constructed and 99 hearth bread batches were made. Models for hearth bread characteristics and production costs were estimated and optimized by mathematical programming. The study also considers how model uncertainty and different pricing systems of wheat flours and capacity costs influence the optimal solutions.     

对天然气价格改革的分析

在阐述天然气价格改革现状的基础上,分析了天然气价格改革对天然气产业链造成的影响,即价格改革使天然气供应增加,对中间配送影响不大,终端用户所受影响差异明显,尤其对天然气化工用户负面影响突出。提出了在今后改革过程中应该注意的几个主要问题,如更多地关注公平、改革进程注重循序渐进、合理分配改革成本、适当的政府监管等。     

A pricing mechanism for scalable video delivery

Many video applications tolerate continuous media (CM) scaling. Scaling is acceptable due to human tolerance to degradation in picture quality, frame loss, and end-to-end delay. CM scaling enables the network to utilize its resources efficiently for supporting additional customers and to increase its revenue. However, due to quality degradation, users will not be willing to tolerate scaling unless it is coupled with monetary or availability incentives. We propose a pricing policy and a corresponding admission control scheme for scalable video applications. The pricing policy is two-tiered, based on a connection set-up component and a scalable component. Connections that are more scalable are charged less, but are more liable to be degraded. The proposed policy trades off performance degradation with monetary incentives to improve user benefit and network revenue and to decrease the blocking probability of connection requests. We demonstrate by means of simulation that this policy encourages users to specify the scalability of an application to the network.     

碳交易机制下企业产品线定价机制研究

研究了碳交易机制下企业产品线的定价问题,以不同产品的减排率和相应的零售价为决策变量,构建了以企业产品总利润最大化为目标函数的产品线定价模型.由于产品线上的产品定价及产品不同的减排率会影响产品市场需求,通过非线性规划模型进行分析和求解,得到了企业不同产品的最优定价和最佳减排率的组合,使顾客可以根据自身效用的不同,在不同减排率的产品间进行自发选择,从而实现企业利润最大化.     

一种IT企业服务定价方法

为了解决IT企业中服务价格无统一计算方法，多由施工人员自行确定的问题，提出了一种解决IT企业服务定价的方法。该方法先用模糊C均值算法对既往的原始价格数据进行聚类分析，再按聚类结果对每类数据分别进行多元线性回归分析，并建立服务定价的数学模型，在此模型的基础上，估算出服务的价格。最后通过数据验证结果证明，此方法的定价效果较为理想，具有可行性和推广价值。     

房地产开发流程中定价体系的研究

鉴于当前房地产定价问题研究的分散性以及房地产企业对定价问题认识的片面性,文章从房地产整体开发流程的角度出发,将房地产开发流程中的定价阶段划分为项目论证、项目定位、项目评审、开盘、持续销售和尾盘清理等不同的阶段,并形成了由模拟定价、开盘价、续销期价格和尾盘清理价等构成的房地产价格体系。同时,文章根据房地产开发流程中各定价阶段定价目的的不同以及各种定价方法的适用性,研究确定了房地产开发流程中定价方法的选择和具体的定价流程。