The Effect of Post-Cooking Holding Times on Sensory Assessment of Low- and High-Fat Beefburgers

ABSTRACT: The effect of post-cooking holding-time on sensory assessment of low (89 g/kg) and high (218 g/kg) fat beefburgers was assessed. Burgers were served to panelists approximately 3 or 18 min after cooking. Fat content influenced fattiness, moistness/juiciness and overall appearance (P < 0.05), overall acceptability and overall texture (P< 0.01) and tenderness and crumbliness (p<0.001). Burgers with the higher fat content had higher scores. Holding-time influenced sensory overall appearance only with lower scores at extended holding times (P < 0.01). Treatment differences were small, mostly less than one sensory scale unit. Higher lightness and yellowness values were found for burgers with higher fat contents.     

真丝绸产品的清洁生产与生态设计

通过对真丝绸整个产品生命过程的分析，对其进行了生命周期评价，说明了丝绸与其产地环境之间的联系和影响，尝试寻求两者之间的和谐关系，提出了清洁生产工艺的规划和各种行之有效的对策和措施，尝试了对环境友好的丝绸印染工艺的生态设计。     

南水北调中线水源工程的突变多准则评价

应用突变多准则评价法对南水北调中线水源工程项目的多方案比选作出评价决策。该方法为专家决策系统提供一种数学方法 ,以便用计算机实现多目标、多层次、多方案的评价决策。     

含腐蚀凹坑尿素合成塔的安全评定与分析

对尿素合成塔上封头腐蚀凹坑采用中国SAPV-95和美国API579规范分别进行安全评定，给出安全裕度，简略分析安全评定的结果。     

Surveillance test policy optimization through genetic algorithms using non-periodic intervention frequencies and considering seasonal constraints

In order to maximize systems average availability during a given period of time, it has recently been developed a non-periodic surveillance test optimization methodology based on genetic algorithms (GA). The fact of allowing non-periodic tests turns the solution space much more flexible and schedules can be better adjusted, providing gains in the overall system average availability, when compared to those obtained by an optimized periodic test scheme. This approach, however, turns the optimization problem more complex. Hence, the use of a powerful optimization technique, such as GA, is required.Considering that some particular features of certain systems can turn it advisable to introduce other specific constraints in the optimization problem, this work investigates the application of seasonal constraints for the set of the Emergency Diesel Generation of a typical four-loop pressurized water reactor in order to planning and optimizing its surveillance test policy. In this analysis, the growth of the blackout accident probability during summer, due to electrical power demand increases, was considered. Here, the used model penalizes surveillance test interventions when the blackout probability is higher.Results demonstrate the ability of the method in adapting the surveillance test policy to seasonal constraints. The knowledge acquired by the GA during the searching process has lead to test schedules that drastically minimize test interventions at periods of high blackout probability. It is compensated by more frequent redistributed tests through the periods of low blackout probability in order to improve on the overall average availability at the system level.     

Quantitative description of the microstructure–porosity of sialons and iron silicide inclusions

Sialon ceramics are a modern type of engineering ceramics with excellent mechanical, thermal and corrosion resistant properties. This paper describes the structure characterisation of porous sialon ceramics. It is possible to significantly improve the strength and crack resistance of sialon ceramics as a result of a reduction of the volume fraction of porosity.     

An economic and environmental assessment of biomass utilization in lignite‐fired power plants of Greece

The environmental and socio‐economic impacts of biomass utilization by co‐firing with brown coal in an existing thermoelectric unit in Greece or through its pure combustion in a new plant were studied and evaluated in this work. The 125 MW_e lignite‐fired power plant in Ptolemais Power Station (Western Macedonia) was used as reference system. The environmental benefits of the alternative biomass exploitation options were quantified based on the life cycle assessment methodology, as established by SETAC, while the BIOSEM technique was used to carry out socio‐economic calculations. The obtained results showed clear environmental benefits of both biomass utilization alternatives in comparison with the reference system. In addition, co‐firing biomass with lignite in an existing unit outperforms the combustion of biomass exclusively in a new plant, since it exhibits a better environmental performance and it is a low risk investment with immediate benefits. A biomass combustion unit requires a considerably higher capital investment and its benefits are more evident in the long run. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Photovoltaic collectors efficiency according to their integration in buildings

A model for building integrated photovoltaic systems has been developed and implemented in a dynamic simulation tool. This tool takes into account the thermal interactions between the PV collector and the building. The influence of the type of integration upon the PV collector efficiency has been evaluated and hybrid PV/air collectors have been studied. An overall efficiency is defined, including the production of electricity and heat. A case study has been performed on two different typical buildings. In the case of a multi-crystalline silicon PV collector integrated on the roof of a single family house located in Paris, the efficiency of unventilated PV modules fixed on the roof is 14%. If the PV collector is used to preheat the ventilation air, the efficiency reaches 20%. A proper building integration also improves the environmental balance of PV technologies over their life cycle.     

Gender differences in computerised and conventional educational tests

Abstract Research has demonstrated girls to outperform boys on conventional literacy tests. The present studies concern gender differences on computerised educational tests. Seventy-one children were tested using LASS Secondary and a set of seven conventional measures. No significant gender differences were found on any of the LASS Secondary modules, although females did outperform males on a conventional spelling test. A further 126 pupils were tested on computerised and paper versions of the LASS Secondary reading, spelling and reasoning modules. No gender differences were found on the computerised versions, but there were significant differences on the paper versions of the reading and spelling modules favouring females. In a third study, 45 children were administered computerised and paper versions of the LASS Junior reading and spelling modules. There were no significant differences on the computerised modules, but girls performed significantly higher than boys on the paper version of the spelling module. It is possible that computerised assessment does not detect the established gender effect due to differences between males and females in motivation, computer experience and competitiveness. Further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm these findings.