Influence of different aging systems and oak woods on aged wine color and anthocyanin composition

The evolution of a red wine, Cigales appellation in origin, was studied during its storage in three different aging systems (barrels, chips, and staves) made of different kinds of oak wood (American, French, and Hungarian). The results obtained were analyzed in order to determine the content of anthocyanins in wine according to the aging system used. The studied variables were monoglucosides of delphidin, cyanindin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin (as acetic and p-coumaric esters), as well as vitisin A, malvidin-3-O-caffeylglucoside, and color variables. The relationship between the anthocyanins and color variables stressed the importance of these compounds during the formation of pigments characteristic of aged wine, and highlighted how they are affected by the aging system chosen.Analysis of the results allowed us to define the evolution of the wine accordingly to the aging system and the botanical species of wood used. Wine treated with chips evolved more quickly than wines treated with the other two systems, because there was a higher loss of anthocyanins and an increase in brownish tonalities. On the other hand, wine treated with Hungarian oak wood suffered a slightly higher loss of anthocyanins than those aged with French and American oak wood.     

Oxidative stability of red wine stored in packages with different oxygen permeability

A young red wine was aged in containers with different oxygen permeability, i.e. glass, polyethyleneterephtalate (PET) and polyethyleneterephtalate including an oxygen scavenger (PETA), to determine variations in antioxidant components and antioxidant activity, determined as radical scavenging activity. The phenolic composition and the antioxidant activity of the wine were evaluated during approximately 24 weeks of storage at 20 or 30 °C. Significant changes were observed in total anthocyanin concentration in all samples, while other indexes such as total phenolics and total flavonoids remained stable during storage in all conditions. The antioxidant activity diminished in all samples, with differences between the various containers, both at 20 and 30 °C. HPLC analysis showed that important changes occurred in some flavonoid components (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin TB2) and in most anthocyanidins in all storage conditions, with greater degradation at 30 °C and in PET bottles. Samples stored in PETA bottles showed the highest stability. The research demonstrated that ageing-related changes during storage are influenced by the oxygen permeability of the containers and can be slowed by the use of PET materials with enhanced oxygen barrier capacity.     

Soil and water quality assessment along the Red Sea coast,Egypt

The paper reports an assessment of the soil and water in the coastal strip between Marsa Alam and Shalateen at the southern part of the Red Sea coast of Egypt. There is limited potential for agricultural development. There is a need for water re-use and some potential for tourism.     

Removal of Lissamine Red From Wastewater Using Waste Materials

Feasibility of a waste material, flyash, as a material for purification of wastewater containing Lissamine Red has been studied. Effects of time and concentration, temperature and pH on the removal of the dye have been studied. Lower concentrations favour the uptake of dye from water and the maximum removal was observed at a dye concentration of 20 mgL m 1 , 30°C, pH of 7 and adsorbent particle size of 53 µm. Dynamics of the uptake was studied using Lagergren's equation. The mass transfer coefficient was found to be 0.05 cmmin m 1 at a concentration of 20 mgL m 1 , 30°C and 53 µm particle size.     

Determination of fermentative volatile compounds in aged red wines by near infrared spectroscopy

The purpose of this work was to study the possibility of determination of fermentative volatile compounds in aged red wines using NIR spectroscopy. To achieve this, 240 wines belonging to different geographic zones and elaborated with one or two varieties were analyzed. The volatile compounds were quantified by SBSE-GC–MS. Spectra obtained by NIR were co-related with these values using partial least square (PLS) regression. Calibration and validation statistics showed the quality of the model, after all when is done separately for each of the four geographic zones, and in the case of wines elaborated with two varieties. Consequently, near infrared spectroscopy can be used as an easy and rapid tool to determine fermentative volatile compounds in aged red wines.     

高掺量赤泥-粉煤灰微晶玻璃研究

赤泥是氧化铝生产中排放的碱性废渣,粉煤灰是燃煤电厂排放的高SiO2含量废渣.综合利用两种废渣制备高性能的微晶玻璃材料,控制SiO2含量在31%～44%,CaO含量在25%～31%,两种废渣总吃渣量能够达到90wt%以上,具有显著经济效益和环境效益.     

Mammalian Exocrine Secretions. XVIII: Chemical Characterization of Interdigital Secretion of Red Hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus caama

Gas chromatography, coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (electron impact mode and chemical ionization with methane as reactant gas), gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy, and derivatization techniques were used to identity 53 compounds in the interdigital secretion of the red hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus caama. These compounds included alkanes, isoalkanes, alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, oxiranes, furanoid linalool oxides, and a large number of branched and unbranched saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. The secretion probably plays a role in demarcation of territories by dominant bulls.     

Properties and microstructure of the hardened alkali-activated red mud-slag cementitious material

A new kind of alkali-slag-red mud cementitious (ASRC) material, with both high early and ultimate strength and excellent resistance against chemical attacks, has been developed by the introduction of composite solid alkali activator into slag-red mud mixture system. Tests on strength development and other properties such as resistance against carbonation, simulated seawater, diluted acid, sulfate solution and freeze and thaw cycles of the ASRC cement were carried out and the results were reported in this paper. Meanwhile, the microstructure of the hardened ASRC cement paste, such as porosity and pore size distribution, and morphological characteristics of the resultant cement stone were also analyzed with the aid of MIP, SEM, etc. The results showed that the hardened cement paste had almost integrated and very compacted structure, more appropriate pore structure and less coarse crystallized products, which were believed to be the physical reasons for its high early and ultimate strength and good resistance against chemical attacks.     

Mn4+ activated dodec-fluoride red phosphor Na3Li3In2F12:Mn4+ with excellent waterproof stability for WLEDs

Mn⁴⁺ activated fluoride red phosphors, as candidate red materials in white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs), have received widespread attention. However, the poor water stability limits their application. Herein, a novel dodec-fluoride red phosphor Na₃Li₃In₂F₁₂:Mn⁴⁺ with good waterproof stability was successfully synthesized by solvothermal method. The crystal structure, optical property, micro-morphology, element composition, waterproof property and thermal behavior of Na₃Li₃In₂F₁₂:Mn⁴⁺ phosphor were analyzed. Under the 468 nm blue light excitation, the Na₃Li₃In₂F₁₂:Mn⁴⁺ phosphor has narrow emission bands in the area of 590–680 nm. Compared with commercial red phosphor K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺, the Na₃Li₃In₂F₁₂:Mn⁴⁺ phosphor possesses better waterproof stability. When soaked in water for 360 min, the PL intensity of the Na₃Li₃In₂F₁₂:Mn⁴⁺ phosphor remains at initial 80%. Finally, warm WLEDs with CRI of 87 and CCT of 3386 K have been fabricated using blue InGaN chip, YAG:Ce³⁺ yellow phosphor and Na₃Li₃In₂F₁₂:Mn⁴⁺ red phosphor.     

Synthesis and characterization of red pigment YAl1−yCryO3 prepared by the low temperature combustion method

In the present study, a red-shade pigment, based on the system YAl_1?yCr_yO₃ (y = 0–0.05), was synthesized for the first time using the low temperature combustion method. The single-phase synthesis of YAl_1?yCr_yO₃ was achieved at a temperature of 1000 °C. The resulting calcined powders were micron-sized particles (0.5–3 μm) with a well-developed cubic perovskite structure. The study specifically investigated the chemical composition, calcination temperature, Cr³⁺ content, and the effect of the mineralizer in order to elucidate the optimal conditions for pigment synthesis. Further, the color properties exhibited by the YAl_1?yCr_yO₃ pigment when it was added into basic glazes have also been obtained. In addition, the products were characterized by DTA, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and color spectrometry.