铜合成熔炼炉结构设计特点

结合设计实践,详细论述了金川铜合成熔炼炉的结构设计特点。     

某难处理金精矿焙烧—氰化提金工艺试验研究

针对某难处理金精矿,采用焙烧-氰化提金工艺进行实验研究。试验得到的最佳条件为:金精矿粒度-0.043 mm 52.85%、一段焙烧温度450℃、时间1 h(炉门关闭),二段焙烧温度700℃(炉门稍开),焙烧时间0.5 h;初始氰化钠浓度0.5‰、L/S=4、氰化时间24 h。在此条件下硫、砷的脱除率分别为99.99%、52.56%,金的浸出率为88.92%。     

难熔金属选区激光熔化技术研究进展

近年来,随着难熔金属的研究与深入,传统工艺难以满足在制备难熔金属及其复杂结构的需求。鉴于难熔金属材料的高熔点和优异的高温力学性能,将其与选区激光熔化技术相结合,将为难熔金属的设计提供更大的弹性和可加工性。本文对难熔金属材料的选区激光熔化技术进行了总结。按照材料分类,对钨合金、多孔钽、钼合金以及难熔高熵合金进行评述。因为选区激光熔化难熔金属对低熔点元素、加工参数等敏感,故总结了这些因素对工艺控制和最终零件质量的影响。最后,归纳了当前研究的优势和不足,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Additive manufacturing of electrofused mullite slurry by digital light processing

Mullite, one of the main refractory materials, has several applications that may demand tiny structures with complex geometries, and digital light processing (DLP) can produce such parts with outstanding dimensional precision and surface quality. In this work, electrofused mullite powder was used as a raw material for additive manufacturing by DLP. Photosensitive mullite suspensions were developed and their rheological behavior, stability, and thermal decomposition were investigated. Mullite parts were printed from suspensions with different ceramic loadings, debound, and sintered at different temperatures (from 1500 to 1650 °C). Density and strength increased with an increase in both solid loading and sintering temperature. Printed parts from slurry with 50 vol% of solid loading sintered at 1650 °C reached a relative density of 97.7 ± 0.3 % and flexural strength of 95.2 ± 5.0 MPa.     

High temperature insensitive ultra-thin electromagnetic metasurface based on ytterbium monosilicate ceramic coating

In this article, homogeneous multi-functional materials and artificially design method are proposed to design ultra-thin metasurfaces, which broaden the application over a wide range of temperatures due to their excellent mechanically-thermally stable structure and electromagnetic functional performance. Ideal environmental barrier coating material of ytterbium monosilicate (Yb₂SiO₅) possesses stable dielectric property over a wide temperature and frequency range. As a thermal corrosion resistant coating, NiCrAlY possesses excellent conductivity at high temperatures. These two materials are selected as substrate and conductive units to composite temperature insensitive ultra-thin refractory metasurface coating (RMC) for wideband radar cross section (RCS) reduction. Three types of RMC patterns are discussed, namely chessboard, staggered, and random. The prototype of staggered pattern was prepared using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) technique. Both the simulated and experimental results indicated that RCS is reduced remarkably in a wideband frequency, as well as demonstrated stable reduction performance over a broad range of temperatures. Along with a protective layer of Yb₂SiO₅, only a thickness of 1.4 mm is required. The protective layer is employed to isolate the contact between the structural layer and the outside environment, which can significantly increase the service life of the metasurface. This work brings bright prospects for various kind of metasurfaces in practical high temperature applications and significantly enriches the research of metasurfaces.     

Oxidation resistance,residual strength,and microstructural evolution in Al2O3-MgO–C refractory composites with YAG nanopowder

The decisive role of nanostructured yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG;Y₃Al₅O₁₂) powder addition on oxidation resistance, residual strength and microstructural evolution were studied in Al₂O₃-MgO–C refractory composites. Oxidation index and rate constant calculations indicated that the oxidation resistance was almost 70 % improved for the nano-YAG containing refractories oxidized in air at 1600 °C. Residual compressive strength (R_c) estimations showed that there was nearly 75 % strength retained in these oxidized refractories fortified with nano-YAG. Residual bending strength (R_b) estimations based on cyclic thermal shock, exhibited that there was almost 70 % thermal shock resistance enhancement in refractories reinforced with nano-YAG, showed a good agreement between R_b and R_c values. These beneficial properties were attributed to the formation of a well-sintered framework of YAG/Spinel bonding grains throughout the dense oxidized layer microstructure of these new class of refractories. The concept of interfacial toughening and implications of these results to practical applications are discussed.     

Drying behavior of dense refractory ceramic castables. Part 1 – General aspects and experimental techniques used to assess water removal

Despite the continuous evolution on the performance of refractory ceramic products, monolithic materials still require special attention during their processing steps as various phase transformations may take place during the curing, drying and firing stages. Drying is usually the longest and the most critical process observed during the first heating cycle of refractory linings, as the enhanced particle packing and reduced permeability of the resulting microstructure may lead to recurrent explosive spalling and mechanical damage associated with dewatering and the development of high steam pressure at the inner regions of such dense materials. In this context, this review article mainly addresses (i) the theoretical aspects related to the drying process of dense refractories, (ii) the influence of the phase transformations derived from the binder additives, and (iii) the usual and advanced experimental techniques to assess the water removal from consolidated castable pieces. Many studies have pointed out that due to the complex nature of this phenomenon (i.e., considering combined thermal stresses and pore pressure, heterogeneous microstructure, evolving pore structure with temperature, etc.), the mechanisms behind the water withdrawal and castables’ explosive spalling are lacking further understanding and, consequently, it has been difficult to save time and energy during the first heating of industrial equipment lined with ceramic materials. On the other hand, different methods are used for refractory spalling assessment and many efforts have been carried out in applying in situ imaging techniques (such as NMR and neutron tomography) to follow the moisture evolution during such thermal treatments. These novel techniques, also addressed in this review, might be of particular importance to provide more accurate data for the validation of many state-of-the-art numerical models, which can be used to predict the steam pressure developed in refractory systems and help in the design of proper heating schedules for such products.     

Fabrication of periclase and magnesium aluminate spinel refractory from washed residue of secondary aluminum dross

A novel method for fabricating the periclase and magnesium aluminate spinel refractory from the secondary aluminum dross was proposed in the present work by adding magnesium oxide. The fabrication mechanism of the refractory was analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray Diffraction. The effects of MgO addition and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and density of refractories were studied. The results showed that with the increase of sintering temperature, the purity, crystallinity, and densification of the refractory were significantly improved, and the porosity of the refractory was decreased. As an obvious second phase in the refractory, periclase can strengthen the grain–grain bonding and inhibit the grain boundary movement. With the increase of MgO addition, due to the significant reduction of porosity, the improvement of grain size uniformity and the absence of microcracks, the flexural strength and the impact toughness were significantly improved. When the MgO addition was 50 wt% at the sintering temperature of 1600 °C, the density and porosity of the refractory were 2.92 g/cm³ and 18.2%, while the flexural strength and impact toughness can reach 270 MPa and 3.7 MPa m^1/2, respectively.     

Investigation of microstructure-property relantionships of magnesia-hercynite refractory composites by a refined digital image correlation technique

Industrial magnesia-spinel bricks destined for thermal shock applications often show more flexibility and improved crack growth resistance. Components from the spinel structure group are usually added to promote microcracking coming from thermal expansion mismatch. This leads to the development of toughening mechanisms that are very effective in improving the crack propagation resistance.Magnesia-hercynite composites were investigated in order to highlight their fracture process, with regard to their microstructure, by using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The direct measurement of displacement fields between digital images of the reference state and the deformed one has provided valuable information on material deformation during loading. The aim of this work was to investigate the fracture behaviour of refractories through the coupling of the Wedge Splitting Test (WST) and DIC. By using a refined DIC process transformation taking into account a discontinuity of displacement, called 2P-DIC, a more effective characterisation of the fracture behaviour was achieved.