Thermochemical modeling of refractory corrosion in slagging coal gasifiers

Slagging coal gasifiers suffer corrosive attack on the refractory liner and these interactions were thermochemically simulated. The slag is observed to penetrate the refractory, which complicates modeling the phase behavior of the slag-penetrated interior of the refractory. A simple strategy was adopted such that stepwise changes in composition with decreasing slag content were assumed to account for the compositional changes as slag penetrates the refractory. The thermochemical equilibrium calculations following this strategy typically yielded three solution phases as well as the stoichiometric crystalline phases AlPO₄ and Ca₃(PO₄)₂ depending on composition/penetration. Under some conditions a slag liquid miscibility gap exists such that two slag liquids coexist.     

The role of hydraulic binders on magnesia containing refractory castables: Calcium aluminate cement and hydratable alumina

Previous work by the authors has shown that the effects of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and hydratable alumina (HA) can modify the magnesia hydration behavior in aqueous suspensions. As a consequence of these studies, the present paper highlights how varying the content of these binders can affect magnesia hydration in refractory castables using pH, apparent volumetric expansion, mechanical strength and porosity measurements and hydration–dehydration tests. Furthermore, as mechanical strength, porosity and refractoriness also play an important role in these materials, binder-free, magnesia-free and magnesia-and-binder-free samples were also tested as references. It was found that the deleterious effects of magnesia hydration can be greatly minimized by the binder and its selection content.     

The preparation of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy specimens of Nb/Al multilayer thin films on sapphire substrates

We have developed a technique for preparation of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples of reacted and unreacted Nb/al multilayer thin films on sapphire substrates. The choice of substrate was found to be extremely important. Sapphire sputters more slowly than Nb and Nb-compounds and therefore makes it possible to obtain the electron transparent regions in the thin films rather than in the substrate. However, the brittle nature of the sapphire restricts the types of thinning techniques that can be used, requiring extensive ion thinning as a final stage.     

Interactions of refractory materials with molten gasifier slags

The current study focuses on the analysis of sessile-drop interfacial reactions between two synthetic slags (based on average ash chemistries of coal and petcoke feedstock) and two refractory materials (90 wt% Cr₂O₃-10 wt% Al₂O₃ and 100 wt% Al₂O₃), using a Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM). Ground slag samples (less than 325 mesh) were placed at specific microstructure locations on refractory substrates and heated to 1500 °C in an atmosphere of CO/CO₂ gas mixture (volume ratio = 1.8), using a gold-image heating chamber. Cross-sections of the slag/refractory interface indicated unique slag penetration into preferred areas of the refractory and grain dissolution into the slag which promoted spalling of the refractory. Initially, the slag attacked both grain boundaries and fine microstructure areas, freeing alumina grains into the slag. The formation of VO_x-based crystalline material in the petcoke slag was found to alter the liquid composition. Chemical spalling of Cr-containing crystal layer also facilitated degradation of the refractory.     

Heat capacities and standard entropies and enthalpies of some compounds essential for steelmaking and refractory design approximated by Debye-Einstein integrals

Heat capacity data for compounds located in the binary CaO–SiO₂, CaO–Al₂O₃ and MgO–Al₂O₃ systems are fitted by Debye-Einstein integrals. Starting from the fitted heat capacities, the standard values of the thermodynamic functions of these compounds are calculated. In almost all cases investigated, the derived standard entropies are within the uncertainties of the values provided in literature. The Debye-Einstein coefficients obtained in this thermodynamic assessment can be used to approximate the heat capacities, enthalpies and entropies of these compounds in the temperature range from 0 to 298.15 K.     

难熔金属及硅化物薄膜特性研究

对难熔金属及其硅化物的形成、特性进行了研究。采用溅射难熔金属、热硅化反应的方法，解决了ＶＬＳＩ工艺中由于ＭＯＳ电路图形尺寸缩小带来的栅电阻增大的问题；采用硅化物阻挡层和Ａ１多层金属布线方法，解决了欧姆接触和铝的电迁移问题。     

Superabsorbent dewatering of refractory gold concentrate slurries

In this paper, superabsorbent polymer (SAB) dewatering behaviour of selected mineral pulps comprising low-grade, refractory gold flotation concentrate, bio-oxidation product and cyanide leach residue was investigated as an alternative to conventional, gravity thickening. The shear rheology of the resulting sediments was also investigated for pulp handleability. All slurries displayed better SAB-mediated dewatering performance, in terms of reduced processing time, volume minimization and greater water recovery for recycle, in comparison with gravity thickening. Specifically, SAB absorbed >94 wt.% water from the dilute slurries within 30 min of contact time. 45–76 wt.% more water was recovered after 60 min at high supernatant clarity using the SAB dewatering approach compared with gravity settling. The observed non-Newtonian, shear thinning rheological behaviour of SAB-dewatered consolidated slurries, reflecting low to moderate yield stresses in the range 1–40 Pa and shear thinning viscosities (<10 mPa⋅s), indicate their “handleability” in hydro-transport. The cost effectiveness of the SAB dewatering process engendered by its significantly greater water recovery and SAB polymer recovery, regeneration and multiple reuse capacity.     

延长顶吹炉炉期的有效途径

顶吹炉的“一炉三段”直接炼铅工艺技术不仅资源利用效果良好,而且节能、环保,在国际上居领先水平。先进的工艺需要低成本的支撑,炉衬的成本在顶吹炉运行成本中占有举足轻重的地位。如果炉衬使用寿命短,导致炉期缩短,运行成本必然增加,影响到“一炉三段”的产业化应用。因此,改进顶吹炉的布料方式,保护炉衬,延长炉期,从而减少维修成本,提高成本效益,以达到延长炉寿的目的,顶吹炉综合效益才能充分体现出来。本文主要介绍了延长顶吹炉炉期的技术改造方法和实际运用的效果。     

宝钢的生产发展及对耐材的要求

宝钢在建的三期工程和三期后的改造、配套项目，采用了许多新技术，与此相应对所使用的耐火材料在品种和质量上也提出了许多新要求。     

高耐热强度低合金耐火H型钢的研究

在试验室50kg真空感应炉冶炼了低碳低合金化耐火H型钢。结果表明，成分为（%）；0.11C,1.30Mn,0.45Cr,0.48Mo,0.026Nb耐火H型钢的600℃σ8可达306MPa，并具有良好的室温综合机械性能。