Quality control of an unreliable random FMS: with Bernoulli and CSP sampling

It is widely recognized that disassembly-based product End-of-Life strategies, such as component reuse or simple fraction material recycling, are environmentally beneficial. However, current disassembly costs hinder a widespread application of these strategies. This paper quantifies the disassembly time reductions required to achieve economic feasibility of systematic product disassembly. A modelling framework, based on linear programming, is used to investigate the effect of reducing the expected disassembly time and cost on the selection of the optimal End-of-Life strategy. The problem is optimized from an End-of-Life treatment facility point of view. All findings are based on the Belgian cost and price information captured in spring 2004. The linear programming model shows that for small products from the Waste of Electric and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) category disassembly-based End-of-Life strategies will hardly become optimal, while for medium- and large-sized products, this scenario can be made optimal if a substantial disassembly time reduction is achieved. Possible strategies to realize such reduction are briefly sketched.     

Modeling of streaming and elastic flow integration in OFDMA-based IEEE802.16 WiMAX

We study in this paper the capacity of the downlink of OFDMA-based IEEE802.16 WiMAX system in the presence of two types of traffic, streaming and elastic. We focus in particular on the impact of Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) as well as inter-cell interference resulting from different frequency reuse schemes. Several performance measures, namely blocking rates, mean transfer time and the mean number of collisions between two OFDMA WiMAX cells, are then derived and quantified. We show that reuse partitioning results in a higher blocking rate at the appreciable gain in terms of lower mean transfer time for users close to the base station as well as a lower number of collisions which implies a higher throughput.     

基于构件库管理系统的构件复用度度量模型

构件概念及其理论的发展始终以软件复用为切入点,只有被最大可能地复用,构件才有其存在的意义和经济价值。如何用一种较为精确的、基于实践应用的方法来评价构件的复用度,关系到构件质量的提高和构件库的有效性。该文介绍了构件复用的概念,并结合构件库管理系统,提供了一个对构件复用度的度量模型,分析了度量结果对构件库的反馈作用,能够对构件库管理系统的设计与实现提供参考。     

北京市"中水"回用系统分析与优化

利用系统论基本原理,通过对北京市中水回用系统的结构分析、要素考察,优化中水供给、输送和利用环节,完善系统体系结构,判明系统发展方向,从而加强中水管理,提高中水利用效率,进一步达到减少污水排放量和治理污染源,节约和保护有限水资源、挖掘水资源承载能力和保护生态环境的目的。     

Potential for potable water savings by combining the use of rainwater and greywater in houses in southern Brazil

Research on rainwater and greywater have been performed all over the world as a way of promoting potable water savings. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater and greywater in two houses in southern Brazil. An economic analysis is performed to evaluate the benefits of using rainwater and greywater either separately or together. Results indicate that the potential for potable water savings in both houses range from 33.8% (house B) to 36.6% (house A), considering that water for toilet flushing and washing machine does not need to be potable. By using rainwater, the potable water savings in house A would be 35.5% and in house B, 33.6%. When greywater is considered alone, potable water savings are lower, i.e., 30.4% in house A and 25.6% in house B. As for the use of rainwater and greywater combined, the potable water savings are 36.4% in house A and 33.8% in house B. The three systems that were investigated seem not to be cost effective as the payback periods were very high (above 17 years), but the greywater system was the most attractive one. The main conclusion that can be made from the research is that there needs to be government incentives in order to promote the use of rainwater or greywater in houses in southern Brazil.     

测试用例的设计和复用技术

软件测试是企业保证软件产品质量的一个重要手段,其中测试用例的设计是软件测试的关键,它一般包括功能测试用例的设计,结构测试用例设计以及系统方面的测试用例设计等.结合实际经验,系统地阐述了如何有效地进行测试用例的设计以及复用.并给出两个案例进行分析,探讨测试用例设计中的一些注意事项.     

构件库技术的研究与发展

1.引言软件工程的目标是致力于提高软件生产效率和软件质量,摆脱手工作坊式的开发方式。如果每个应用软件系统的开发都从头开始,其中必然存在大量的重复劳动。软件复用是一条提高软件生产效率和软件质量的切实可行的解决方案,其出发点是应用系统的开发以已有的工作为基础,充分利用已有系统的开发中所积累的知识和经验进行新的开发。这样软件开发的重点就可以集中于应用系统中的特有构成成分上。软件构件只有在数量上达到了一定的规模才能真正满足软件复用和基于构件的软件开发(CBSD)的需求,因此必须有一个强有力的工具来对这些数量庞大的软件构件进行管理。构件库作为一种支持软件复用的基础设施,它提供对软件构件进行描述、分类、存储和检索等功能。     

An integrative approach to requirements analysis: How task models support requirements reuse in a user-centric design framework

Many software systems fail to address their intended purpose because of a lack of user involvement and requirements deficiencies. This paper discusses the elaboration of a requirements-analysis process that integrates a critical-parameter-based approach to task modeling within a user-centric design framework. On one hand, adapting task models to capture requirements bridges the gap between scenarios and critical parameters which benefits design from the standpoint of user involvement and accurate requirements. On the other hand, using task models as a reusable component leverages requirements reuse which benefits design by increasing quality while simultaneously reducing development costs and time-to-market. First, we present the establishment of both a user-centric and reuse-centric requirements process along with its implementation within an integrated design tool suite. Secondly, we report the design, procedures, and findings of two user studies aimed at assessing the feasibility for novice designers to conduct the process as well as evaluating the resulting benefits upon requirements-analysis deliverables, requirements quality, and requirements reuse.     

Ozone in the United States of America -- State-Of-The-Art

Applications for ozone in the United States have evolved through a lengthy maturation process, which began with drinking water treatment (taste/odor/color removal) in the early 1900s, and grew slowly until acceleration began in the mid-1980s. Although deodorization became a stable market in the 1960s-1970s, these applications were small, for the most part. One of the largest uses for ozone is oxidation of process chemicals in the chemical industry, which began in the USA about the 1940s, and subsequently has spread worldwide. Today, thanks primarily to environmental regulatory pressures which began to impact ozone in the mid-1980s, ozone now is used increasingly in the USA for drinking water treatment and for some municipal and industrial wastewater applications. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recognized the growing importance of ozone (> 200 drinking water plants use ozone today), and has appointed IOA representatives to two of its regulatory development committees as stakeholders. Several U.S. cities have installed or are installing wastewater treatment processes for potable reuse purposes, which include the use of ozone. Three full-scale U.S. pulp bleaching plants use tons/day quantities of ozone. Smaller applications for ozone include water treatment for cooling tower waters (biofouling control), swimming pools and spas, marine aquaria, bottled water disinfection and maintenance of high purity waters in the pharmaceuticals and electronics industries. A new application for ozone is in commercial laundries to reduce energy costs and replace chemicals. In mid-1997, a public declaration was made by an expert panel that ozone is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for contact with foods. This declaration opens the door for ozone to be used in U.S. food processing industries. U.S. research scientists and engineers are at the forefront in studies which define the technical aspects of ozone technologies in a variety of applications employing advanced oxidation, including the treatment of hazardous wastes, groundwater remediation, and process water recovery and reuse in the semi-conductor industry.     

基于独立软件级构件的领域软构件体系

简要地介绍了粒度为独立软件级构件的领域软构件体系的创建过程、系统结构、设计原理及其理论及实用意义。