A Mixed Lithium‐Ion Conductive Li2S/Li2Se Protection Layer for Stable Lithium Metal Anode

Constructing artificial solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of Li metal is an effective approach to improve ionic conductivity of surface SEI and buffer Li dendrite growth of Li metal anode. However, constructing of homogenous ideal artificial SEI is still a great challenge. Here, a mixed lithium‐ion conductive Li₂S/Li₂Se (denoted as LSSe) protection layer, fabricated by a facile and inexpensive gas–solid reaction, is employed to construct stable surface SEI with high ionic conductivity. The Li₂S/Li₂Se‐protected Li metal (denoted as LSSe@Li) exhibits a stable dendrite‐free cycling behavior over 900 h with a high lithium stripping/plating capacity of 3 mAh cm^?2 at 1.5 mA cm^?2 in the symmetrical cell. Compared to bare Li anode, full batteries paired with LiFePO₄, sulfur/carbon, and LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ cathodes all present better battery cycling and rate performance when LSSe@Li anode is used. Moreover, Li₂Se exhibits a lower lithium‐ion migration energy barrier in comparison with Li₂S which is proved by density functional theory calculation.     

Characterization of electrode/electrolyte interface using in situ X-ray reflectometry and LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 epitaxial film electrode synthesized by pulsed laser deposition method

An in situ experimental technique was developed for detecting structure changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface of lithium cell using synchrotron X-ray reflectometry and two-dimensional model electrodes with a restricted lattice plane. The electrode was constructed with an epitaxial film of LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ synthesized by the pulsed laser deposition method. The orientation of the epitaxial film depends on the substrate plane; the 2D layer of LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ is parallel to the SrTiO₃ (1 1 1) substrate ((0 0 3)_{LiCo0.2Ni0.8O2}//(1 1 1)SrTiO₃), while the 2D layer is perpendicular to the SrTiO₃ (1 1 0) substrate ((1 1 0)_{LiCo0.2Ni0.8O2}//(1 1 0)SrTiO₃). These films provided an ideal reaction field suitable for detecting structure changes at the electrode/electrolyte interface during the electrochemical reaction. The X-ray reflectometry indicated a formation of a thin-film layer at the LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ (1 1 0)/electrolyte interface during the first charge-discharge cycle, while the LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ (0 0 3) surface showed an increase in the surface roughness without forming the surface thin-film layer. The reaction mechanism at the electrode/electrolyte interface is discussed based on our new experimental technique for lithium batteries.     

基于调频指数特征的通信辐射源个体识别

该文首次研究了通信辐射源个体特征对工作频率变化的鲁棒性。针对一类导频静噪的调频FM辐射源,提取调频指数Mf作为识别辐射源个体身份的特征。对4个实际调频辐射源信号样本的实验表明：在工作频率不变的条件下,Mf的精确估计值可以有效地对辐射源个体身份进行识别;在不同工作频率下,同一个辐射源的Mf值会发生较大变化,从而在一定程度上限制了该特征的应用。     

Enhanced thermal properties of the solid electrolyte interphase formed on graphite in an electrolyte with fluoroethylene carbonate

The influence of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) on the electrochemical and thermal properties of graphite anodes is examined. The dQ/dV graph of graphite/Li cells shows that the electrochemical reduction peak of an electrolyte shifts to higher potential in the presence of FEC. The DSC results for graphite anodes cycled in FEC-containing electrolytes clearly exhibit that an exothermic peak at around 120 °C mostly disappears. It is demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) that SEI formed by the electrochemical reduction of FEC consists of a relatively high proportion of LiF and gives low interfacial resistance for graphite/Li/Li cells.     

锂离子电池非水电解液的研究

非水电解液至今仍然是锂离子电池最常用的，也是生产工艺最成熟的电解液体系。以Li或LiCx为电极的非水电解液锂离子电池，在循环中电极表面将形成固液界面（SolidElectrolyteInterface，DEI）膜，也叫钝化膜（passivatinglayer）。它对电池的循环寿命、可逆比容量、电池储存性能等都有至关重要的意义。SEI主要是在前3个循环中（尤其是第1个循环），由非水溶剂、导电盐阴离子、杂质分子还原分解产生的不溶物沉积而成。     

A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a protecting layer formed on the negative electrode of Li-ion batteries as a result of electrolyte decomposition, mainly during the first cycle. Battery performance, irreversible charge “loss”, rate capability, cyclability, exfoliation of graphite and safety are highly dependent on the quality of the SEI. Therefore, understanding the actual nature and composition of SEI is of prime interest. If the chemistry of the SEI formation and the manner in which each component affects battery performance are understood, SEI could be tuned to improve battery performance. In this paper key points related to the nature, formation, and features of the SEI formed on carbon negative electrodes are discussed. SEI has been analyzed by various analytical techniques amongst which FTIR and XPS are most widely used. FTIR and XPS data of SEI and its components as published by many research groups are compiled in tables for getting a global picture of what is known about the SEI. This article shall serve as a handy reference as well as a starting point for research related to SEI.     

Interfacial structural stabilization on amorphous silicon anode for improved cycling performance in lithium-ion batteries

Interfacial structures of electrode-current collector and electrode-electrolyte have been designed to be stabilized for improved cycling performance of amorphous silicon (Si) that is considered as an alternative anode material to graphite for lithium-ion batteries. Interfacial structural stabilization involves the interdigitation of Si electrode-Cu current collector substrate by anodic Cu etching with thiol-induced self-assembly, and the formation of self-assembled siloxane on the surface of Si electrode using silane. The novel interfacial architecture possesses promoted interfacial contact area between Si and Cu, and a surface protective layer of siloxane that suppresses interfacial reactions with the electrolyte of 1 M LiPF₆/ethylene carbonate (EC):diethylene carbondate (DEC). FTIR spectroscopic analyses revealed that a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer composed of lithium carbonate, organic compounds with carboxylate metal salt and ester functionalities, and PF-containing species formed when having siloxane on Si electrode. Interfacially stabilized Si electrode exhibited a high capacity retention 80% of the maximum discharge capacity after 200 cycles between 0.1 and 1.5 V vs. Li/Li⁺. The data contribute to a basic understanding of interfacial structural causes responsible for the cycling performance of Si-based alloy anodes in lithium-ion batteries.     

锂离子电池首次充、放电时石墨负电极与电解液界面所发生的反应

采用恒电流充、放电——原位XRD法对锂离子电池（LIB）首次充、放电过程进行了研究。实验结果表明，LIB首次充电时电解液于石墨负电极的界面处发生还原反应，生成了电子不可导而锂离子可导的固体电解质中介相（SEI）薄膜。FTIR分析结果证明SEI膜系由无定形碳酸锂和烷基碳酸锂组成。恒电流充、放电实验和循环伏安实验结果表明，如果所选择的电解液（例如EC基电解液）在石墨负电极表面的还原反应很缓和，反应中所产生气体的量和速率很小，则在石墨负电极表面将形成薄而致密的SEI膜。薄而致密的SEI膜所消耗的Li^＋量小，可以降低首次充电时的不可逆容量，同时减小Li^＋对石墨进行插层和脱层时的阻力，增大LIB的充、放电容量，提高充、放电效率。