Statistics of stained glass images

Abstract

The notion of applying statistical techniques to stained glass images is an intriguing one. This paper introduces systematic procedures to calculate statistics on digital images, gives a review of first-order statistics, second-order statistics, higher-order statistics and run-length statistics, and applies the measures to a collection of digital images of stained glass windows. Values of the statistics are reported. The scale invariance property of images is examined carefully, and characteristic scaling behaviours of stained glass images are found.     

Replenishment of Solutions In Batch Processing

The advantages of replenished batch processing are on the one hand the safer handling of the film in deep tanks. as compared to tray processing. and on the other hand the certainty of constant photographic results over long periods. specially desirable in the graphic arts field for colour separation negatives and positives. So as to ensure constancy of the replenished solution, a part of it must be discarded after each processing run. and the volume levelled up with replenisher. A simple equation is presented which allows the handling of all factors acting on the equilibrium composition of the replenished sol tion. and on the replenisher formula and replenishing rate. Praceical rules for handling replenished batch processes. deduced theoretically as well as by experiment, are also presented.     

Exposure Addition Effects and Their Terminology

Studies of the increases in overall sensitivity, in red light sensitivity, and in silver sulphide during sulphur sensitization of a photographic emulsion have been carried out. They suggest that there are two quite distinct mechanisms by which the silver sulphide can give rise to increase of light sensitivity.     

Effects of dendritic arm coarsening on macroscopic modelling of solidification of binary alloys

Abstract

A pure macroscopic two-dimensional numerical model has been developed, capable of capturing the effects of dendritic arm coarsening on the transport phenomena occurring during a binary alloy solidification process. The general continuum conservation equations are aptly modified to take into account shrinkage induced fluid flow. Simultaneously, the effective permeability of the mushy zone is numerically modelled according to the microscopic coarsening kinetics. Moreover, a new nodal latent heat updating algorithm is proposed that takes into account dendritic arm coarsening considerations. The numerical results are first tested against experimental results reported in the literature, corresponding to the solidification of an Al-Cu alloy in a bottom cooled cavity. It is concluded that dendritic arm coarsening leads to an increased effective permeability of the mushy region as well as an enhanced eutectic fraction of the solidified ingot. Consequently, an enhanced macrosegregation is predicted, compared with that dictated by shrinkage induced fluid flow alone. Physical insights are also developed regarding the effects of various parameters on the overall macrosegregation.     

Evaluation of semiphysical phase transformation model for engineering steels using measured continuous cooling transformation diagrams

Abstract

A semiphysical model has recently been constructed by Parker that calculates the phase transformation behaviour of engineering steels as a function of time for an arbitrary cooling path. To compare the model with measured diagrams from the literature for linear cooling, a large number of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams have been calculated. The quantified comparison has been used to construct heuristics that indicate the accuracy of the model as a function of the steel composition. For 10 alloying elements the domain for which the model is valid has been established.     

Photographic Procedure for Complex Chart Visual Interpretation Records*

Comparison of complicated chart records is not an easy task, even if great trouble is taken to produce transparent film copies dye-toned to contrasting colours. The lines may cross and re-cross so frequently that the sequence of events is difficult to see. In suchcases superimposition of above-the-line and below-the-line silhouettes is helpful, since it permits both the sign and the magnitude of the error at any point to be readily seen. Photographic procedures are described for making such silhouettes from commercially available materials.     

A study on durability of joints bonded with pressure-sensitive adhesives

The use of adhesive bonding as fastener presents very high usage potential, especially for different environments. However, the designers do not have enough data yet to address the changes in the mechanical properties of adhesives in the course of time. In this study, the ageing of film-type adhesives, Structural Bonding Tapes (SBT) 9244 and 9245, which are different in thickness and possess pressure-sensitive and visco-elastic properties, was investigated. First, the bulk adhesive specimens were prepared and exposed to two different environmental conditions until saturated. In the same time, single lap joints with two different adhesive layer thicknesses, consisting of AA2024-T3 as the adherend, were exposed to the same environmental conditions for exposure times of 90 days. The immersion environments were 100% relative humidity (RH) and 3.5% NaCl solution. At the end of exposure time, the failure surfaces were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after the strength of joints was determined with the lap shear test. Both SBT adhesives absorb more water from 100% RH than from 3.5% NaCl solution and, therefore, they deteriorate rapidly in 100% RH. In addition, as the thickness of adhesive layer increases, the loss in the strength increased.     

A Practical Method of Personnel Monitoring for Beta Radiations Using Photographic Emulsions

A practical system for the personnel monitoring of β radiations has been devised employing photographic emulsions together with a system of plastic filters. Beta-ray dose rates were measured with an extrapolation chamber in rads in soft tissue and the sources of β radiation were manufactured using pure β emitters with maximum energies ranging from 0·17 to 3·5 MeV. Measurements show the most suitable system to be one which divides the film into three areas, two of which are covered with plastic filters of thickness 50 mg/cm² and 300 mg/cm² respectively, whilst the other is unfiltered. The method of calibration of this filter system is described, together with a method of dose estimation for single doses of β radiation and the majority of β-γ ray mixtures. Certain problems regarding calibration and dose evaluation are discussed together with several miscellaneous problems pertinent to personnel dosimetry of βs rays with films.     

Calibration of X-Ray Film Used in the Detection of Soft X-Rays from the CTR Device Sceptre

To assist in the interpretation of X-ray pinhole photographs in thermonuclear research with the toroidal pinch device Sceptre, with a view to applying such photographs to the study of the energy spectrum of the electron flux incident upon the torus walls (constructed from aluminium and copper), experiments have been performed to determine the photographic effect of the X-rays produced from a known flux of electrons of given energy. A demountable X-ray tube was made in which the target was alternately copper or aluminium foil, indirectly heated, and in which a beam of electrons of known energy was focused on the foil. X-rays from the target fell upon llford Industrial G type X-ray flim, after passing through one or more metal foils. By maintaining a known beam current for different times, a range of exposures was given to different parts of the same film specimen and density-log exposure curves were compiled. Results of such experiments are presented for target elements of aluminium and copper and various thicknesses of absorbing foil, for electron energies in the range 1.8-8.4 KeV. A method is suggested by which data accumulated in this way may be used in analysis of electron energy spectra.     

SPS格式文件在I/O Image系统中的应用

SPS格式在I／O Image系统中的应用，有效地提高了生产效率。文中首先介绍了SPS格式的组成，然后详细地介绍了SPS文件在I／O Image系统中的制作、导入、导出方法，最后介绍了SPS格式在特殊采集方法下和复杂地区的应用以及使用过程中的野值问题。