Comparing three methods for modeling the uncertainty in knowledge discovery from area-class soil maps

Knowledge discovery has been demonstrated as an effective approach to extracting knowledge from existing data sources for soil classification and mapping. Soils are spatial entities with fuzzy boundaries. Our study focuses on the uncertainty associated with class assignments when classifying such entities. We first present a framework of knowledge representation for categorizing spatial entities with fuzzy boundaries. Three knowledge discovery methods are discussed next for extracting knowledge from data sources. The methods were designed to maintain information for modeling the uncertainties associated with class assignments when using the extracted knowledge for classification. In a case study of knowledge discovery from an area-class soil map, all three methods were able to extract knowledge embedded in the map to classify soils at accuracies comparable to that of the original map. The methods were also able to capture membership gradations and helped to identify transitional zones and areas of potential problems on the source map when measures of uncertainties were mapped. Among the three methods compared, a fuzzy decision tree approach demonstrated the best performance in modeling the transitions between soil prototypes.     

江西省土壤可溶态稀土元素含量和分布规律的研究

对江西 1 1种母质发育的有代表性的水稻土、旱作地、自然土壤 ,61个剖面 ,4 1 2个土样的可溶态稀土元素分析测定 ,统计结果表明 :江西土壤稀土元素的强度因素处于较高水平 ,平均值为 1 9 0mg/kg ,有 4 2 80 %的样点处于丰富级 ;有由南向北 ,由东向西逐渐降低的趋势 .其含量最高的地区是赣南由花岗岩、泥质岩、第四纪红粘土、酸性紫色土、碳质岩类风化物等母质发育的土壤 ,较低的为赣西北由石英岩 ,第三纪红砂岩、石灰岩、下蜀系黄土等母质发育的土壤 ;在土壤剖面分布中 ,旱作地表层低于底层 ,水稻土表层有生物富集作用高于底层 ;影响土壤中可溶态稀土元素含量的主要因子有 :成土母质 ,气候条件 (温度 ,降水量 ) ,土壤 pH ,土壤质地和耕作类型     

过氧化物酶活性检测方法的研究

研究了一种新的过氧化酶的活性检测方法，以苯胺为底物进行测定。通过试验确定了该方法适宜的工作条件，包括酶浓度、底物浓度、H2O2浓度、温度、pH值等。同时确定了酶活力检测的一些相关条件(如温度、pH值等)。实验表明，该方法有较高的精密度，且简便易行。     

The confused world of sulfate attack on concrete

External sulfate attack is not completely understood. Part I identifies the issues involved, pointing out disagreements, and distinguishes between the mere occurrence of chemical reactions of sulfates with hydrated cement paste and the damage or deterioration of concrete; only the latter are taken to represent sulfate attack. Furthermore, sulfate attack is defined as deleterious action involving sulfate ions; if the reaction is physical, then, it is physical sulfate attack that takes place. The discussion of the two forms of sulfate attack leads to a recommendation for distinct nomenclature. Sulfate attack on concrete structures in service is not widespread, and the amount of laboratory-based research seems to be disproportionately large. The mechanisms of attack by different sulfates—sodium, calcium, and magnesium—are discussed, including the issue of topochemical and through-solution reactions. The specific aspects of the action of magnesium sulfate are discussed, and the differences between laboratory conditions and field exposure are pointed out.Part II discusses the progress of sulfate attack and its manifestations. This is followed by a discussion of making sulfate-resisting concrete. One of the measures is to use Type V cement, and this topic is extensively discussed. Likewise, the influence of w/c on sulfate resistance is considered. The two parameters are not independent of one another. Moreover, the cation in the sulfate salt has a strong bearing on the efficiency of the Type V cement. Recent interpretations of the Bureau of Reclamation tests, both long term and accelerated, are evaluated, and it appears that they need reworking.Part III reviews the standards and guides for the classification of the severity of exposure of structures to sulfates and points out the lack of calibration of the various classes of exposure. A particular problem is the classification of soils because much depends on the extraction ratio of sulfate in the soil: there is a need for a standardized approach. Taking soil samples is discussed, with particular reference to interpreting highly variable contents of sulfates. The consequences of disturbed drainage of the soil adjacent to foundations and of excessive irrigation, coupled with the use of fertilizer, are described. Whether concrete has undergone sulfate attack can be established by determining the change in the compressive strength since the time of placing the concrete. The rejection of this method and the reliance on determining the tensile strength of concrete because of “layered damage” are erroneous. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) should not be the primary, and certainly not the first, method of determining whether sulfate attack has occurred. Mathematical modeling will be of help in the future but, at present, cannot provide guidance on the sulfate resistance of concrete in structures.Part IV presents conclusions and an overview of the situation, with consideration of future improvements. Appendix A contains the classification of exposure to sulfate given by various codes and guides.     

稻草碱法制浆前酶预处理工艺的研究

以稻草为原料,研究采用木聚糖酶预处理过程中时间、温度、pH值和酶用量等因素对预处理效果的影响。研究得到较适宜的酶预处理工艺条件为：液比1：20,预处理时间120min,预处理温度50℃,预处理pH值为7,预处理酶用量80IU／g。预处理过程未对溶出木素和溶出半纤维素的结构造成实质性的破坏,溶出木素的苯环结构和溶出半纤维素的木聚糖单元的六元环结构都得到了保存。     

基于遗传算法的田间尺度土壤水力参数与溶质运移参数优化

合理确定田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数是保证农田土壤水盐动态模拟正确性的重要前提。本文开展了基于遗传算法(Genetic Algorithms,GA)与农田水文模型SWAP(Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant)耦合进行土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数优化的方法研究。在已有GA基础上引入了子体优生策略,并以完全嵌入方式耦合GA与SWAP模型。采用河套灌区曙光实验站的土壤剖面分层含水率(θi)和溶液浓度(cmli)、表土含水率(θsur)、实际腾发量(ETa)等观测资料,开展了田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数优化的数值试验与相应分析。结果表明:(1)采用土壤分层信息(θi和cmli)作为观测数据,GA参数优化效果很好;(2)仅采用ETa作观测数据时,参数优化效果相对欠佳,需慎重使用,而结合ETa与θsur后可提高优化精度;(3)引入子体优生策略可提高GA的参数优化效率和精度。综上,结合GA与SWAP模型是优化田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数的一种实用方法。     

酶促速熟过程中腐乳成分及微观结构的分析

通过研究酶促腐乳在成熟过程中的色度、蛋白质水解程度、微观结构的变化,分析添加酶制剂促熟对腐乳品质及微观结构的影响．利用扫描电子显微镜研究酶促速熟过程中腐乳的微观结构变化,通过电泳分析腐乳的蛋白质水解情况,采用中红外扫描研究酶促腐乳的成分,并与利民红方腐乳（对照样）进行对比．结果表明,酶促速熟腐乳的颜色、微观结构、蛋白水解度以及组成成分均与传统工艺生产的利民红方腐乳（对照样）基本相同,证明腐乳的加酶促进其成熟方法的可行性．     

模拟抗原（Ac-NK16-Ahx-3）免疫反应抗体ELISA检测方法研究

为满足实验室单克隆抗体的制备研究,本实验特对实验室常用的制备单抗的模拟抗原（Ac-NK16-Ahx-3）进行ELISA间接法检测,进而建立一种高效的检测方法。通过对不同稀释度待测抗体的免疫吸附测定,检测出它的最终灵敏度为0.078mg/mL,最佳二抗稀释倍数为300倍,其最佳拟合曲线为y=-0.0732x＋0.6875,R2=0.8619。并且,通过统计学方法进行统计分析,确定出各实验组的相关性及变异系数,从而排除实验中的操作误差,最终可确定最佳的实验条件,并保证实验的准确性。     

在水库加固工程中环境保护和水土保持的措施

文章分析了青山水库加固工程对环境保护与水土保持的影响,提出了相应措施.     

Litter fall, litter stocks and decomposition rates in rainforest and agroforestry sites in central Amazonia

The sustainability of agroforestry systems in Amazonia was assessed from their litter dynamics and decomposition. Litter fall and litter stocks were determined from July 1997 to March 1999 in four sites in central Amazonia: a primary rainforest, a 13-year-old secondary forest, and two sites of a polyculture forestry system which consisted of four planted tree species of commercial use amidst upcoming secondary growth. The average annual litter fall in the undisturbed primary rainforest (FLO) was 8.4 t ha^–1 year^–1, which is within the range of litter fall in other rainforests in the region. It was similar in one of the two polyculture sites (8.3 t ha^–1 year^–1), but lower in the secondary forest and in the second polyculture site. In the litter fall in secondary forest and agroforestry sites, the leaf portion was higher (76–82% of total litter fall) than in FLO, due to reduced fine matter and wood fall. Leaf litter fall variability was much lower in the plantation sites than in the forests, which is explained by the much more homogeneous stand structure of the plantations. The quality of the produced litter, measured as C/N ratio, differed significantly between the primary forest site and one polyculture and the secondary forest site. The cumulative input of nitrogen through litter fall was 144 kg ha^–1 year^–1 in FLO, and 91–112 kg ha^–1 year^–1 in the polycultures and the secondary forest. Litter fall was not correlated with soil parameters, but had a significant linear regression with canopy closure. For the primary rainforest, litter fall was also (inversely) correlated with monthly rainfall. Litter fall was higher in the first year (1997–1998; an El Niño period) than in 1998–1999. Litter stocks on the forest floor were highest in the secondary forest (24.7 t ha^–1), and much lower in the polyculture sites (15.1–16.2 t ha^–1) and the primary forest (12.0 t ha^–1). There were no differences in the relative N content (C/N ratio) of the litter stocks between the sites, but the larger stocks led to higher absolute N contents in the litter layer in the secondary forest. From the monthly values of litter stocks (S) and litter fall (P), the decomposition coefficient k _e=P/S was calculated, which was, on average, highest for the primary forest (0.059), followed by the polyculture systems (0.040–0.042), and by the secondary forest (0.024). Thus, due to low decomposition rates, the secondary forest site showed large litter accumulations in spite of a relatively low litter fall. In contrast, the primary forest showed high litter fall but low stocks, due to high decomposition rates. The decomposition coefficients of the polyculture systems ranged between the primary and the secondary forest. The reduced decomposition rates in the man-managed agroecosystems indicate quantitative and/or qualitative changes in the decomposer communities of these systems that lead to a higher build-up of litter stocks on the forest floor. However, the decomposer systems in the polyculture sites still were more functional than in the site of non-managed secondary growth. Thus, from a soil biological viewpoint, ecologically sustainable low-input agroforestry in Amazonia will benefit from the application of these polyculture systems.