492WQB汽油机排放的缸间差异研究

对４９２ＷＱＢ汽油机的每个试验工况从各缸排气道出口中心附近进行了连续１０ｓ共９０次的采样,对采样气体中ＮＯｘ、ＨＣ及ＣＯ的浓度分别采用了化学发光法、氢火焰离子法及不分光红外法进行了分析,并把连续采样气体的排放平均值作为每个测试工况的排放值。试验结果表明,各缸空燃比等的微小差异,引起的各缸ＮＯｘ、ＨＣ及ＣＯ排放的最高值与最低值比可达１０倍、５倍及６倍;缸间排放差异随着点火时间、转速、节气六开度、混合     

下荆江裁弯对荆江洞庭湖影响分析

下荆江中洲子、上车湾河湾实施裁变工程,沙滩子河湾发生自然裁弯,迄今已有２０余年。裁弯后,荆江分流入洞庭湖的水量、沙星锐减、加速了江湖关系变化。根据原型实测资料,对裁弯后荆江河道和江湖关系演变、工程效益和对江湖防洪的不利影响进行分析,指出１９８０年后,荆江河床已处于部淤平衡状态;洞庭湖口洪道和城陵矶－武汉河段泥沙淤２积问题对防洪影响较小,并对三峡工程运用后,进一步贯彻“江湖两利”方针,提出建议。     

长江与洞庭湖关系变化初步分析

长江中游枝城至城陵矶河段称工南岸洞程有松滋口、太平口、藕池口和调弦口分流入洞庭湖,洞庭湖又集湘、资、沅、澧四水经湖区调节后于城陵矶汇入长江,形成了复杂的江湖关系。受自然的和人为的因素影响,江湖关系不断地发生调整变化,这直接关系到长江和洞庭湖的演变及其治理,因此,深入分析江湖关系变化的规律及其影响,对研究三峡工程修建后江湖关系调整趋势于江、湖的治理均有重要意义。实测资料分析有松滋口近几十年来,长江与     

论负荷变化对系统规划的影响及其对策--电网规划中值得重视的问题

负荷预测是电网规划设计十分重要的前提和基础。负荷发生变化时,则规划中的电源和网络建设在容量、规模及进度等方面均要受到影响并发生相应变化。这种影响和变化往往给电网规划（或设计）带来十分被动的局面。作者在文中从正反两方面进行了分析,指出负荷变化对系统规划的影响已到了不容忽视的地步,并分析了产生这种变化的原因,在此基础上,还提出了解决问题的措施和建议。     

Intraspecific variation and interspecific differences in sex pheromones of sibling species inCtenopseustis obliquana complex

The specific status ofCtenopseustis obliquana pheromone-types I, II, and III has been more fully examined. Females of types I and III produce a mixture of (Z)-8- and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetates (Z8-14:Ac, Z5-14: Ac). The previously reported different ratios of these two components in females of the two types (type I=8020, III=9010) have been reinvestigated. The median ratios of each type differed significantly, although there was some overlap in the ranges of these ratios. A field cage trial showed that males of type III are attracted to females of type I, so the observed differences may be ascribed to intraspecific variation. In contrast to females of types I or III, females of type II produce Z5-14Ac but no Z8-14Ac. The electroantennogram (EAG) profile of antennae of type II males shows a maximum response to Z5-14Ac, while the EAG profiles of types I and III show a strong response to Z8-14Ac. In wind tunnel tests using mixtures of these two compounds, type II males prefer blends consisting of all or mostly Z5-14: Ac, while type I males showed a preference to a mix of 70% Z8-14Ac plus 30% Z5-14Ac. We found that type I males are attracted to type I females when offered a choice between type I and type II females in a field cage test and that type II males similarly prefer type II females. Males of types I and II have specialist cells for Z8-14Ac and Z5-14Ac but differ with respect to relative densities of these cells and to further cell types responsive to other alkenyl acetates. Type IIC. obliquana is considered therefore a sibling species of types I and III. In addition, the amount of Z5-14Ac produced by type II females varied geographically. Females from the North Island produced significantly less (median=1.2 ng) Z5-14Ac than females from the South Island (median=2.2 ng). Type II populations in the North Island morphologically resembled sympatric type I, rather than type II from the South Island and are designated as type II (North Island). Type II (North Island) populations have so far been found only at Rukuhia (near Hamilton) and from Kerikeri. In contrast, type II populations are sympatric with type III populations over much of the South Island. In a field cage trial, males of types II and II (North Island) were attracted to females of both II and II (North Island). We tentatively ascribe the differences between type II and type II (North Island) to intraspecific variation.     

On the thermal stability of xanthan gum

The thermal stability of xanthan gum in dilute aqueous solutions at 90°C is considered. The relative viscosity as a function of ageing time is discussed, and it has been found to depend on the polymer concentration and conformation as well as on the salt content. The effectiveness of a quencher demonstrates the existence of a free-radical process in the degradation. During ageing, the molecular weight first decreases by rapid random hydrolysis of the main chain and loss of the pyruvate and acetate substituents. Later, oligomers are formed corresponding to a breakdown of both the side chain and the main chain. The identification of cellodextrins in the oligomer pool demonstrates the second effect.     

Studies on lipid and fatty acid compositions of puffer livers from Indian coastal waters with seasonal variation

The puffer fishes Chelonodon patoca, Sphaeroides oblongus, Lagocephalus lunaris, and L. inermis of Indian coastal waters are wasted in huge quantity. The livers of these fishes were investigated for their lipid contents and fatty acid compositions in different seasons. It was found that monsoon season is the suitable time to obtain the maximal lipids (40.1–48.8%) from their livers, an amount similar to cod liver lipid content (39.5–55.0%). The fatty acids were mostly saturates and monoenes (60–70%). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations (7–12%) were high during monsoon season. Neutral lipids were the predominant lipid class (>80%) and comprised triglycerides (277–674 mg/g) and cholesterol (0.6–3.1 mg/g). Quality indices of puffer liver lipids, e.g., specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, iodine value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter, were evaluated. Puffer liver lipids were quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to other commercially important marine fish oils. The overall study suggests the possibility of future commercial utilization of liver lipids from puffer, an unconventional, cheap, and easily available source.