基于FPGA的实时数字化光纤传输系统

提出一种实时数字化光纤传输系统,该系统分为发送端和接收端。发送端用A/D转换器将输入的模拟信号数字化,再用FPGA对数据进行处理,并通过光纤传输。同时,FPGA还控制A/D转换器的工作。接收端用串行收发器TLK1501对接收数据进行解码处理,还原有效信号。实验表明,该系统实时性好、信号传输误码率低、工作性能稳定、抗干扰性强,系统具有可行性和有效性。     

Fractionation of metals in street sediment samples by using the BCR sequential extraction procedure and multivariate statistical elucidation of the data

The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in street sediment samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. According to the BCR protocol for extracting the metals from the relevant target phases, 1.0 g of specimen of the sample was treated with 0.11 M acetic acid (exchangeable and bound to carbonates), 0.5M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (bound to iron- and manganese-oxides), and 8.8M hydrogen peroxide plus 1M ammonium acetate (bound to sulphides and organics), sequentially. The residue was treated with aqua regia solution for recovery studies, although this step is not part of the BCR procedure. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Cd approximately Zn ( approximately 90%)>Pb ( approximately 84%)>Cu ( approximately 75%)>Mn ( approximately 70%)>Co ( approximately 57%)>Ni ( approximately 43%)>Cr ( approximately 40%)>Fe ( approximately 17%). Enrichment factors as the criteria for examining the impact of the anthropogenic emission sources of heavy metals were calculated, and it was observed that the highest enriched elements were Cd, Pb, and Zn in the dust samples, average 190, 111, and 20, respectively. Correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. PCA revealed that the sampling area was mainly influenced from three pollution sources, namely; traffic, industrial, and natural sources. The results show that chemical sequential extraction is a precious operational tool. Validation of the analytical results was checked by both recovery studies and analysis of the standard reference material (NIST SRM 2711 Montana Soil).