Structural integrity assessment of the containment structure of a pressurised heavy water nuclear reactor using impact echo technique

The impact echo technique is based on the use of transient stress waves for non-destructive detection of flaws in concrete structures. Impact-echo testing has been carried out for assessment of the structural integrity of the ring beam of a pressurised heavy water nuclear reactor. In order to develop the test procedure for carrying out impact echo testing, mock up calibration blocks were made. The detectability of the impact echo system has also been established in terms of the depth and the lateral dimension of the detectable flaw for the ring beam under consideration. Based on the optimised test parameters identified with the help of the studies carried out on the mock up blocks, impact echo testing was carried out on the ring beam of the reactor containment structure, for assessing its structural integrity.     

A comparative study of hard turned and cylindrically ground white layers

Compared with grinding, hard turning is competitive in many cases, with substantial benefits. However, hard turning applications are not preferred, due to the existence of the process-induced white layer on the component surface, which is often assumed to be detrimental to component life. Nevertheless, white layer properties have not been well understood or clearly defined, especially the properties of the white layer induced in hard turning as against grinding. A clear understanding of white layer properties will provide a solid physics basis for product performance analysis and useful data for process selection. In this study, benchmark hard turning and cylindrical grinding experiments were conducted to generate thick white layers for reliable measurement. It was found that the properties of white and dark layers by hard turning and grinding are fundamentally different in four aspects: surface structure characteristics, microhardness, microstructures, and chemical composition. A white layer is not untempered martensite in terms of retained austenite. Additionally, a thick white layer can be produced in grinding under certain conditions.     

Analysis of surface integrity for minimum quantity lubricant—MQL in grinding

The quality of machined components is currently of high interest, for the market demands mechanical components of increasingly high performance, not only from the standpoint of functionality but also from that of safety. Components produced through operations involving the removal of material display surface irregularities resulting not only from the action of the tool itself, but also from other factors that contribute to their superficial texture. This texture can exert a decisive influence on the application and performance of the machined component. This article analyzes the behavior of the minimum quantity lubricant (MQL) technique and compares it with the conventional cooling method. To this end, an optimized fluid application method was devised using a specially designed nozzle, by the authors, through which a minimum amount of oil is sprayed in a compressed air flow, thus meeting environmental requirements. This paper, therefore, explores and discusses the concept of the MQL in the grinding process. The performance of the MQL technique in the grinding process was evaluated based on an analysis of the surface integrity (roughness, residual stress, microstructure and microhardness). The results presented here are expected to lead to technological and ecological gains in the grinding process using MQL.     

二次喷丸42CrMo钢表面完整性的数值模拟研究

目的探究二次喷丸工艺参数对42CrMo钢零件表面完整性的影响规律。方法建立三维随机喷丸有限元模型,并通过实验验证有限元模型预测残余应力的准确性。将一次喷丸后零件的表面形貌和应力应变结果作为初始状态导入到二次喷丸模型中,构建出二次喷丸预测模型。分析二次喷丸参数对42CrMo钢零件表面残余应力场、表面粗糙度以及等效塑性形变场的影响情况。结果二次喷丸后,42CrMo钢零件近表层(0～100μm)的残余压应力值均比初始状态有所增加。增加二次喷丸覆盖率对表面残余应力的提升作用最为明显,最大可比初始状态提高63.3%,而增加二次喷丸直径对残余应力的改善效果最不明显。过度增加二次喷丸速度会导致表面粗糙度明显增加,提高二次喷丸覆盖率可显著降低表面粗糙度,覆盖率为300%时,粗糙度比初始状态减小了14.4%。表层PEEQ值随着二次喷丸速度、弹丸直径和覆盖率的增加而增加,但当二次喷丸速度、弹丸直径和覆盖率增加到一定程度后,表层PEEQ值会趋于饱和。结论二次喷丸预测模型揭示了二次喷丸参数与42CrMo钢零件表面完整性之间的影响规律,为二次喷丸的工业应用提供了一定的参考意义。     

安全仪表系统设计的多目标优化

安全仪表系统在过程工业中日益受到更多关注,为满足安全仪表系统多目标优化问题对于安全完整性等级的综合要求,提出一种改进的多目标遗传优化方法.首先研究了安全仪表系统多目标优化中存在的问题,然后结合安全仪表系统优化问题的特殊性提出了一种更加适合用于安全仪表系统多目标优化的方法,最后将该方法应用于一个实例.结果表明:改进的方法能够解决安全仪表系统优化对于安全完整性等级要求的优化偏好问题,所得到的解比原有方法的解更具参考价值.     

基于视觉运动特性的视频时空显著性区域提取方法

为了更准确有效地提取人眼观察视频的显著性区域,提出一种基于视觉运动特性的视频时空显著性区域提取方法。该方法首先通过分析视频每帧的频域对数谱得到空域显著图,利用全局运动估计和块匹配得到时域显著图,再结合人眼观察视频时的视觉特性,根据对不同运动特性视频的主观感知,动态融合时空显著图。实验分析从主客观两个方面衡量。视觉观测和量化指标均表明, 与其他经典方法相比,所提方法提取的显著性区域能够更准确地反映人眼的视觉注视区域。     

玉符河生态修复目标及方案研究

分析济南市玉符河存在的主要生态环境问题,采取样点调查方法,寻找玉符河生态水文规律,提出玉符河生态修复的目标和方案,建议在玉符河生态恢复过程中进行长期的水文与生物监测,注重本底资料的完善与积累,以便为我国河流生态修复提供借鉴。     

基于Merkle树的移动平台文件完整性校验

移动平台的下载业务是除消息类业务外另一类重要的移动增值数据服务,对下载过程的有效管理和控制是该业务稳定运营的前提。下载数据的完整性是下载业务的核心内容。描述了移动平台下载业务内容完整性校验方案。提出了Merkle树在移动平台内容完整性校验上的实现策略,该策略通过缩短校验值在网络传输中的大小,来有效减少完整性校验的代价。理论分析与工程项目证明,该机制具有较高的安全连通性和较低的网络延迟。     

Temporal persistence and stability of surface soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed

Satellite soil moisture products, such as those from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), require diverse landscapes for validation. Semi-arid landscapes present a particular challenge to satellite remote sensing validation using traditional techniques because of the high spatial variability and potentially rapid rates of temporal change in moisture conditions. In this study, temporal stability analysis and spatial sampling techniques are used to investigate the representativeness of ground observations at satellite scale soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed for a long study period (March 1, 2002 to September 13, 2005). The watershed utilized, the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, has a dense network of 19 soil moisture sensors, distributed over a 150 km² study region. In conjunction with this monitoring network, intensive gravimetric soil moisture sampling conducted as part of the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2004 (SMEX04), contributed to the calibration of the network for large-scale estimation during the North American Monsoon System (NAMS). The sensor network is shown to be an excellent estimator of the watershed average with an accuracy of approximately 0.01 m³/m³ soil moisture. However, temporal stability analysis indicated that while much of the network is stable, the soil moisture spatial pattern, as represented by mean relative difference, is not replicated by the network mean relative difference pattern. Rather, the network is composed of statistical samples. Geophysical aspects of the watershed, including topography and soil type are also examined for their influence on the soil moisture variability and stability. Soil type, as characterized by bulk density, clay and sand content, was responsible for nearly 50% of the temporal stability. Topographic effects were less important in defining representativeness and stability.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.