Galactose concentration in pizza cheese prepared by three different culture techniques

A study was conducted to determine the most suitable lactic culture combinations and the techniques for the preparation of low moisture part skim (LMPS) mozzarella cheese (pizza cheese) with a low level of galactose. The cheesemaking time tested for all 12 culture combinations was less than 3 h and hence was found suitable for pizza cheesemaking. The initial accumulated galactose concentration was lower in unstretched curd followed by no-brine curd and stretched curd in ascending order. During storage of the cheese for 7 days, the galactose percentage in the cheeses prepared using cultures comprising galactose-fermenting strains of Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus thermophilus was 0.30 in stretched curd, 0.04 in unstretched curd and 0.03 in no-brine curd. The degree of reduction in the level of galactose in pizza cheese during storage was maximum with the no-brine curd technique followed by the unstretched and stretched curd techniques in that order. This study provides information regarding selection of starter culture combinations and techniques for pizza cheesemaking based on consumer preference for low or moderate browning mozzarella cheese as a result of its galactose concentration.     

耐热乳酸菌肉品天然发酵剂的筛选鉴定

为获得发酵性能优良且具有较好耐热性的肉品发酵剂乳酸菌,通过溶钙圈法分离,乳酸纸层析、耐盐耐硝性、生物胺检测、产黏性、发酵葡萄糖产气、产H2S、抑菌实验初筛和产酸能力、耐热能力实验复筛,最终从5种传统发酵肉筛选出2株具有良好发酵特性和耐热性的菌株Y9、FL6。结合形态学、生理生化特征和16S rRNA序列分析鉴定后确定Y9为植物乳杆菌,FL6为戊糖片球菌。这两株菌都能在含6g/dL NaCl和150mg/kgNaNO2的MRS培养基中良好生长,其产酸速度快,24h内能将pH值降到4.0左右,还能抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长。经过水浴80℃处理1min后,发现菌株Y9、FL6活菌数依然维持在103、105CFU/mL左右,表现出较好的高温耐受力,可将两株菌复配后经喷雾干燥制成发酵剂菌粉。     

中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单研究(第二版)

食品用微生物菌种是我国传统发酵食品产业的重要种质资源。该文在第一版的基础上,对分离自我国酒类、乳制品类、调味品类和发酵茶等传统发酵食品的微生物菌种进行了收集、补充和整理,形成了第二版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单。该名单共涵盖56个属124种,包括细菌74种,酵母22种和丝状真菌28种;较第一版新增菌种49种,主要涵盖醋杆菌属(Acetobacter spp.)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、伴生乳杆菌属(Companilactobacillus spp.)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus spp.)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella spp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium spp.)、假丝酵母属(Candida spp.)、德巴利酵母属(Debaryomycesspp.)、毕赤酵母属(Pichiaspp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、散囊菌属(Eurotiumspp.)和根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)等。更新了第一版名单中41个菌种的分类学信息。该研究为补充和完善我国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种的应用及管理,促进我国发酵食品产业健康发展提供了参考和依据。     

Light exposure inhibiting tissue browning and improving antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce)

Fresh-cut celery is perishable and susceptible to tissue browning during storage. In this study, the effect of continuous light exposure (2000 lux) on browning related enzyme activity of fresh-cut celery was investigated during 8 d storage at 7 °C using darkness (0.2 lux) as control. Light exposure significantly suppressed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and subsequently decreased soluble quinone accumulation and browning index (BI) evolution during storage. In addition, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, total phenol (TP) content, and antioxidant capacity (AC) values were all higher when the fresh-cut celery samples were exposed to light than in darkness during storage. A significant positive correlation between TP and AC was observed at both light (R = 0.884, P < 0.01) and dark (R = 0.705, P < 0.01) conditions.     

Effect of steam cooking on distribution of paralytic shellfish toxins in different tissue compartments of scallops Patinopecten yessoensis

This study investigated the effect of steam cooking on distribution of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSP-toxins) in scallops Patinopecten yessoensis. Toxins analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that most of the PSP-toxins (>70%) were accumulated in viscera and adductor muscle of the raw scallops. Steam cooking induced significant loss (p < 0.05) of PSP-toxins from viscera (16%), adductor muscle (24%), gill and mantle (11%) while 32% of the toxins were retained inside viscera and adductor muscle. Overall, 51% of PSP-toxins leaked out from scallop tissues during steam cooking. However, there was no significant loss (p > 0.05) of PSP-toxins from gonad. Consumption of viscera was the most significant risk factor for causing PSP, while gonad and scallop soup were the second most significant. A rapid PSP test further verified detectable levels of PSP-toxins in all samples. However, possible interfering substance(s) in adductor muscles and gonads might potentially affect the results from this test.     

A comparison of selected quality features of the tissue and slaughter yield of wild and cultivated pikeperch<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Sander lucioperca</Emphasis> (L.)

The study focused on the comparison of carcass and fillet yields, fillet color, the content of basic components, and the fatty acid composition of tissue from cultivated and wild pikeperch. There was no variation in yield between carcasses and fillets. The brightness and redness of the color of the fillet surfaces of both types of fish were comparable, although the yellowness, chromaticity and shade of color differed. The tissue of cultivated fish had three times more fat (2.87%) than did that of wild fish; the difference was compensated for by water content. The protein and mineral component contents did not vary significantly. The total levels of saturated and monounsaturated acids in the tissue lipids in 1 g of fat varied. No differences were observed between the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFAn-3, PUFAn-6, or in the n-3/n-6 proportion. One consequence of the higher fat content in cultivated pikeperch tissue was that the contents of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids per 100 g of fillet were significantly higher than in the tissue of wild pikeperch.     

Generation of chitosan nanoporous structures for tissue engineering applications using a supercritical fluid assisted process

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to chitosan-based materials and their applications in the field of tissue engineering. However, the techniques proposed until now for the formation of chitosan scaffolds present some limitations such as: they are very time-consuming, use organic solvents, have difficulties in the obtainment and preservation of various levels of porosity and the 3-D structure. In this work, a new SC-CO₂ assisted process for the production of chitosan scaffolds is proposed; it consists of three steps: formation of a chitosan hydrogel by thermally induced phase separation; substitution of water with a suitable solvent; drying of the gel using SC-CO₂. Using this process, we produced chitosan nanostructured networks with filaments diameters around 50 nm, without any collapse of the gel nanostructure, characterized by a high porosity (>91%) and high compressive modulus (150 kPa).     

冷鲜调理肉三种乳酸菌发酵剂的筛选

为筛选出符合冷鲜调理肉制品发酵的优质乳酸菌发酵剂,对3株乳酸菌的发酵特性进行研究,通过耐盐、耐亚硝酸盐、产粘、产酸能力、蛋白质和脂肪分解能力、菌种间的拮抗作用等试验对其进行优势菌种筛选。结果表明,菌株LLSL、LP、LGG对食盐和亚硝酸盐具有较好的耐受性,能在6%的食盐溶液和150 mg/L亚硝酸盐溶液中存活,能有效产酸,无降解蛋白质和脂肪能力,不产气、不产氨、不产H2S;其中,菌株LLSL、LP不产粘,两者间无拮抗作用,可作为于冷鲜调理肉制品的发酵剂;菌株LGG产粘,影响冷鲜调理肉制品的感官品质和内部组织状态,不适合作为冷鲜调理肉制品的发酵剂。     

库车小白杏混菌乳酸发酵工艺优化及其发酵动力学模型

采用响应面分析法的4因子中心组合实验设计（Central composite experimental design,CCD）优化了库车小白杏混菌（植物乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌）乳酸发酵工艺,并采用Logistic方程建立乳酸菌生长和超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性的动力学模型。结果表明,最佳发酵工艺为:温度为37.0 ℃,植物乳杆菌:罗伊氏乳杆菌配比为2.6:1,接种量为5.0%,发酵时间为30 h。在此条件下,杏汁中的SOD活性为309.60 U/g,感官评分为54.18分;动力学模型的预测值与实验值的拟合度分别为0.9970、0.9913,说明拟合曲线与乳酸菌生长量和SOD活性的实验数据有很高的相关性,能很好地模拟小白杏乳酸发酵过程的动力学特性。