The Holy Alignment: Geodesic and Astronomical Fundamentals for Calculating the Adjustment of Medieval Naves

It is commonly believed that the longitudinal axes of churches extend exactly in an east-west direction. However, thorough investigations have shown that this is not always correct; rather, both southern and northern deviations of up to about 25° can occur. The angular deviation between the church axis and true east is called the Holy Alignment. This present study presents the possibility that the nave is oriented towards the direction of the sun-rising point on the name day of the patron saint of the church. If several saints share the patronage, the Holy Alignment equals the algebraic sum of the angular distances for each saint. The orientation of a nave can be analyzed by means of common mathematical relations used in geodesy, astronomy and gnomonics. In order to perform such an analysis, it is necessary to know the history of the patronage of the church; the Gauss-Krüger coordinates of the ground plan; and characteristic astronomical quantities at the time the church was built. A calculated example with the saints Andrew, James and Philip for the year 980 illustrates the analysis. An appendix deals with the influence of atmospheric refraction on the apparent altitude of the sun near the horizon.     

基于支持向量机的彩色图像水印算法

提出了一种基于回归型支持向量机(SVR)的盲检测彩色图像水印算法。为了改善可见性,根据人眼视觉特性（HVS）自适应选择其嵌入位置。水印嵌入是通过修改图像中像素蓝色通道信息来实现,水印提取时结合图像局部相关性,选取稳定的特征向量并获取SVR训练模型,进而利用SVR训练模型进行预测提取数字水印信息。在嵌入过程中通过高斯模板来均衡调整嵌入水印后对宿主图像影响的强度,仿真实验证明本文算法不仅具有非常好的透明性,而且对诸如叠加噪声、JPEG压缩、平滑滤波、几何变换、图像增强等攻击也具有很好的鲁棒性。     

Robust reversible image watermarking scheme based on spread spectrum

Robust reversible watermarking can provide robustness against various attacks besides the ability to recover the cover image. However, robustness and reversibility are somewhat separate in many schemes. The original cover image cannot be recovered even if the watermarked image suffers from a tiny distortion. This paper presents a new robust reversible watermarking scheme by exploring the reversibility of spread-spectrum codes. Watermark bits are embedded by a suggested adaptive spread-spectrum code. The embedding amplitude used in the algorithms is determined by quantizing the source interference of the cover. The proposed scheme is robust to various attacks. Furthermore, since the embedding amplitude is available at the receiver, the original image can be recovered losslessly when there is no attack. Even in the presence of attacks, the original cover images can still be partially recovered. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme performs well on robustness and watermarked image quality, and provide extra reversibility that resists image distortions.     

基于三阶超螺旋滑模观测器算法的机器人力矩估计方法

本文研究了六自由度(6-DOF)机器人关节力矩估计问题.为了提高机器人关节力矩估计精度,本文设计了一种三阶超螺旋滑模关节力矩观测器.在对观测器系统进行稳定性分析时,本文设计了一种新的Lyapunov函数证明了观测器闭环系统的稳定性.与已有的机器人力矩观测器结果不同,该力矩观测器仅以机器人关节角度作为观测器输入信号,减少了对机器人系统信息的依赖.最后,以6-DOF工业机器人为对象,开展实验验证.实验结果表明,与传统线性力矩观测器相比,本文提出的滑模力矩观测器估计误差小,验证理论的正确性.     

Crack propagation of pipeline steel exposed to a near-neutral pH environment under variable pressure fluctuations

This investigation attempts to understand the corrosion fatigue crack propagation behavior of pipeline steels exposed to near-neutral pH environments. The fatigue loading was designed to simulate the underload-type variable amplitude pressure fluctuations found during pipeline operation. The effects of amplitudes (R ratios) of underload and minor cycles were investigated. It has been found from this investigation that the crack growth rate is enhanced significantly through load interaction of the variable amplitude fatigue. The acceleration factor is found to be up to 2.7 and 5.3 for tests in air and in the near-neutral pH solution, respectively. The crack growth rate decreases with R ratios of underload and minor cycles for tests both in air and in near-neutral pH environments. The latter could enhance crack propagation by a factor of up to 11, as compared with the crack growth rate in air. The critical R ratio of minor cycles at which the minor cycles do not contribute to crack propagation through load interaction was determined to be as high as 0.982, which is much lower than the threshold determined by constant amplitude fatigue. This critical R ratio could be utilized to demarcate stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue, and should be incorporated as one of the design principles for components/structures subjected to variable amplitude cyclic loading.     

平面声场中四传声器阵列理论精度的对比分析

主要探讨了两种四传声器阵列的理论精度,针对相应的传声器布置形式进行数值计算,比较了正四面体和直角四面体传声器探头在不同工况下的幅值误差和方向误差。结果表明,在平面波作用下,1~4 k Hz范围内正四面体传声器的幅值误差小于直角四传声器,且两者均小于1 d B,外接球心位置的幅值精度在高频段优势明显;当频率小于5 k Hz时,方向误差均控制在2°以内,因此可以满足相关的建筑声学测试要求。     

一种新型高速动态液压加载装置

介绍了一种自行设计的用于高速齿轮试验台的新型液压加载装置,阐明了该装置的结构及工作原理．对影响加载装置的转矩和效率的几个主要参数进行了公式推导和分析．     

国产600MW汽轮机组轴系扭振设计专题的研究

根据国内对大机组轴系扭振的研究近况,对轴系扭振过程中的随机性、快关汽门与轴系扭力矩的相对关系进行了计算分析和定性研究,并首次在大机组轴系研究领域中提出电力系统动态行为过程中“机电一体化”的新概念。     

汽轮机组振动信号的测量与分析

针对目前汽轮机组振动的特点,将振动信号分为两类,即轴振（相对振动）和瓦振（绝对振动）。首先分析了汽轮机组的振动概况及其对机组的影响;然后分别介绍了机组振动的测量和分析方法。具体地从传感器谈起,解释了机组的轴振和瓦振的不同测量原理。针对振动的三要素即振幅、频率及相位分别做了介绍;最后以300MW机组为例,说明其振动测点的一般布置。