稠油集输伴热管道轴向温度及伴热效果影响因素分析

对稠油集输伴热管道的传热过程进行了分析,建立了伴热管道轴向温度计算物理及数学模型,并进行了数值模拟。给出了伴热效率的定义,分析了相关因素对温度分布及伴热效率的影响,为稠油集输伴热管道设计及运行管理提供了技术支持。实例计算分析结果表明,保温层对伴热效果影响最大,当聚氨酯保温层厚度从10增加到40mm时,油管介质出口温度增加了15．6℃,伴热效率增加了7．2％;其次是伴热热水流量,当热水流量达到油质流量的4．5倍时,油管介质出口温度增加7．6℃,伴热效率增加1．5％,进一步增加流量,影响非常小。不利因素中影响最大的是伴热管道结水垢,随着水垢厚度的增加,油出口温度及伴热效率都降低;其次是油管结蜡,随着油管结蜡厚度的增加,油出口温度有所增加,但伴热效率降低。     

水电站地下洞群监测系统设计及围岩稳定性分析

对复杂变化地质环境下的主厂房围岩进行了各种因素作用下的综合稳定分析,并依据多种测试手段,对开挖后围岩的稳定性和变形进行实时监测,掌握了洞室层状围岩变形破坏特征。研究了围岩的动态力学特征和变形规律,得出了有益的结论,对施工开挖方案的优化具有重要参考价值。     

Characteristics of flamelets in spray flames formed in a laminar counterflow

A two-dimensional numerical simulation of a spray flame formed in a laminar counterflow is presented, and the flamelet characteristics are studied in detail. The effects of strain rate, equivalence ratio, and droplet size are examined in terms of mixture fraction and scalar dissipation rate. n-Decane (C₁₀H₂₂) is used as a liquid spray fuel, and the droplet motion is calculated by the Lagrangian method without the parcel model. A one-step global reaction is employed for the combustion reaction model. The results show that there appear large differences in the trends of gaseous temperature and mass fractions of chemical species in the mixture fraction space between the spray flame and the gaseous diffusion flame. The gas temperature in the spray flame is much higher than that in the gaseous diffusion flame. This is due to the much lower scalar dissipation rate and the coexistence of premixed and diffusion-limited combustion in the spray flame. For the spray flames, gas temperature and mass fractions of chemical species are not unique functions of the mixture fraction scalar dissipation rate. This is because the production rate of the mixture fraction, namely evaporation rate of the droplets, in the upstream region is not in proportion to its transport-diffusion rate in the downstream region. The behavior shows marked differences as the strain rate decreases, the equivalence ratio increases, or the droplet size decreases.     

Modelling and performances of a deep-freezing process using low-grade solar heat

A solar deep-freezing process has been designed. It aims at cooling down a cold box to about −20 °C, using simple flat plate solar collectors operating at 70 °C. This original process involves two cascaded thermochemical systems based on the BaCl₂/ammonia reaction. Its working mode is discontinuous as it alternates between a regeneration mode during daytime and a cold production mode during nighttime. A global dynamic model involving the various system components allows the simulation of the process; it predicts the evolution of the components temperatures and the rates of chemical reactions of the system. It also allows the dimensioning of the system components to maintain a 500 l cold box at −20 °C during the 6 sunniest months of the year under typical Mediterranean weather conditions and provide over 80% of the total yearly cooling needs of this box. This requires a solar collector area of 5.8 m² and 39 kg of reactive salt. The predicted coefficient of performance (COP) is about 0.1 over the year, and the net solar COP, taking into account the collector efficiencies, is 0.05.     

The performance of miniature metallic PEM fuel cells

A prototype of metallic PEM fuel cell with thin stainless steel bipolar plates was tested for their potential applications in portable electronic products. The flow field pattern was grown from the stainless steel plates by the electroforming process. The main flow channel has the dimensions of 300 μm (width) × 300 μm (depth). The dimensions of the micro-features were 100 μm width × 50 μm depth and 50 μm width × 50 μm depth. The material of the electroformed flow field pattern is nickel. A prototype of a single cell with total thickness of 2.6 mm, overall reaction area of 4 cm² and bipolar plate area of 16 cm² was assembled for this study. In order to improve its corrosion resistance, the bipolar plates were coated with 5 μm thick of multi-layered corrosion resistant material.     

Power management and design optimization of fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicles

Power management strategy is as significant as component sizing in achieving optimal fuel economy of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV). We have formulated a combined power management/design optimization problem for the performance optimization of FCHVs. This includes subsystem-scaling models to predict the characteristics of components of different sizes. In addition, we designed a parameterizable and near-optimal controller for power management optimization. This controller, which is inspired by our stochastic dynamic programming results, can be included as design variables in system optimization problems. Simulation results demonstrate that combined optimization can efficiently provide excellent fuel economy.     

Performance evaluation of photovoltaic–thermosyphon system for subtropical climate application

The rapid development and sales volume of photovoltaic (PV) modules has created a promising business environment in the foreseeable future. However, the current electricity cost from PV is still several times higher than from the conventional power generation. One way to shorten the payback period is to bring in the hybrid photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) technology, which multiplies the energy outputs from the same collector surface area. In this paper, the performance evaluation of a new water-type PVT collector system is presented. The thermal collection making use of the thermosyphon principle eliminates the expense of pumping power. Experimental rigs were successfully built. A dynamic simulation model of the PVT collector system was developed and validated by the experimental measurements, together with two other similar models developed for PV module and solar hot-water collector. These were then used to predict the energy outputs and the payback periods for their applications in the subtropical climate, with Hong Kong as an example. The numerical results show that a payback period of 12 year for the PVT collector system is comparable to the side-by-side system, and is much shorter than the plain PV application. This is a great encouragement in marketing the PVT technology.     

Real-time three-dimensional wind simulation for windmill rig tests

This paper deals with the methods of three-dimensional fixed-point wind speed real-time simulation modelled in large band, in order to use them in test rigs for experimental investigation of the wind energy conversion systems. The medium- and long-term components of the non-stationary wind speed are considered as known, being issued from measured data or by adopting a generic model. The spectral characteristics of three-dimensional turbulence are described either by the Kaimal or the von Karman models. The turbulence intensity and the length scale that take part in these models are calculated by the site parameters, using current standards. The basic idea of the methods for large-band three-dimensional wind simulation is to use rational shaping filters that approximate non-integer orders shaping filters issued from the Kaimal and the von Karman models. All the synthesized rational shaping filters use one time constant, automatically adapted to the medium- and long-term components that pilot the other time constants of the shaping filters by a set of parameters practically constant. Some numerical results concerning time series that simulate the non-stationary wind speed with three-dimensional turbulence components based on Kaimal and von Karman models are presented.     

发电机模型的选取对低频减载分析计算的影响

针对频率变化的不同处理方式,分析了发电机模型的选取对低频减载分析计算结果的影响,表明发电机转子运动方程和定子绕组电压平衡方程都不及计频率变化的影响使低频减载分析计算结果偏于保守,发电机转子运动方程和定子绕组电压平衡方程都及计频率变化的影响使低频减载分析计算结果偏于乐观。通过在实际电网中比较不同发电机模型下的频率安全裕度和低频减载动作情况,证实了分析结论的正确性。     

发电用单轴燃气轮机动态模型研究

以某发电用单轴燃气轮机的控制系统为原型,利用Matlab／Simulink对该型单轴燃气轮机控制系统进行了仿真,仿真结果与实际物理过程相吻合,说明此模型可以用于单轴燃气轮机及其控制系统的研究。