A numerical study of the transport phenomena arising in a single-screw extruder channel is carried out. A non-Newtonian fluid
is considered, using a power law model for the variable viscosity. Chemical reaction kinetics are also included. Finite difference
computations are carried out to solve the governing set of partial differential equations for the velocity, temperature and
species concentration fields, over a wide range of governing parameters for the case of a tapered screw channel.
The numerical treatment for this combined heat and mass transfer problem is outlined. A marching procedure in the down-channel
direction is adopted and the validity of the scheme for practical problems discussed. For large viscous dissipation, the material
heats up considerably due to the prevailing shear field, affecting the viscosity significantly, and results in large changes
in the pressure development at the end of the channel. The rate of reaction controls the mass diffusion rate which in turn
affects viscosity and the flow significantly. The dimensionless throughput,qv, is one of the most important parameters in the numerical solution. The dimensionless pressure variation is very sensitive
toqv, and orders of magnitude changes are possible for small variations inqv. Schemes for dealing with other important effects such as back flow, heat transfer by conduction in the barrel, and the effect
of the die are also outlined.
A list of symbols is given at the end of the paper
This is publication No. F-10544-4-91 of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station supported by State Funds and the Center
for Advanced Food Technology (CAFT). The Center for Advanced Food Technology is a New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology Center. This work was also
supported in part by the US Army Research Office. 相似文献
The condition of the surfaces is of crucial importance for the deuterium permeation through materials. In this work a study of the surface constants for the adsorption (σk1) and release (σk2) of deuterium under different surface conditions on the martensitic steel DIN 1.4914 (MANET) has been carried out. The growth of an oxide surface layer (Cr2O3) of about 25–30 nm in a MANET sample, heat treated in an oxidizing environment, compared to the bare MANET that have a ‘natural' oxide of about 5 nm has provoked a reduction of both the permeation rate and the recombination coefficient (about 3 orders of magnitude). In addition, the permeation governing process has changed from diffusion-limited to surface-limited. The measurements of the permeation rate of deuterium were performed by a gas-phase permeation technique over the temperature range 574–746 K and for deuterium driving pressures in the range from 3 to 105 Pa. 相似文献
A novel technique is proposed for creating transport barriers by the rf waves. This is that the transport barriers can be
created by the rf induced ponderomotive force itself and no rf induced flow shear generation is necessary. It is demonstrated that the ponderomotive force of the rf waves can stabilize
the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode, considered nowadays as the dominant source of anomalous energy losses in the low
confinement (L) mode. It is also shown that this stabilization can be achieved for rather modest values of the rf power and
hence should be easily obtained in actual experiments.
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Polypyrrole (PPy) doped with dodecylsulfate (DS) and an organic dye (indigo carmine, IC) was electrochemically prepared and characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoelectrochemical properties of PPy-DS and PPy-DS-IC in contact with an electrolytic solution containing a redox couple were studied using the theories for the semiconductor ∣ electrolyte interface. Results indicate that the system containing IC presents a higher photocurrent density under polychromatic illumination and faster response time when compared with PPy-DS. This fact was assigned to the formation of molecular-scale paths in PPy-DS-IC. The IC molecules lying perpendicularly between PPy chains, as confirmed by the X-ray analysis, could facilitate the mass transport at the interface and increase the ordering degree to provide better electronic charge transfer in the bulk. Although the photoelectrochemical devices presented here do not present all the properties of inorganic-based devices, we discuss some strategies to enhance the photoelectrochemical properties and response time of conducting polymers used in these type of systems. 相似文献
The author examines the transport energy consumption of developing countries and compares it with that of developed countries. These figures are found to suggest considerable scope for transport energy savings. Given the need for improved energy efficiency, the author moves on to consider transport in the context of the wider economy. Four broad policy approaches which can affect transport energy consumption are identified — information and training programmes, subsidies; pricing and tax policies; and administrative regulations. The author's primary conclusion is that the energy price changes of the last decade do not hold revolutionary implications for the transport sector. There remains, however, a need to improve efficiency in this sector. 相似文献
The cockpit environment is changing rapidly. New technology allows airborne computerised information, flight automation and data transfer with the ground. By 1995, not only will the pilot's task have changed, but also the tools for doing that task. To provide knowledge and direction for these changes, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Lockheed-Georgia Company have completed three identical Advanced Concepts Flight Simulation Facilities.
Many advanced features have been incorporated into the simulators — e g, cathode ray tube (CRT) displays of flight and systems information operated via touch-screen or voice, print-outs of clearances, cockpit traffic displays, current databases containing navigational charts, weather and flight plan information, and fuel-efficient autopilot control from take-off to touchdown. More importantly, this cockpit is a versatile test bed for studying displays, controls, procedures and crew management in a full-mission context. The facility also has an air traffic control simulation, with radio and data communications, and an outside visual scene with variable weather conditions. These provide a veridical flight environment to evaluate accurately advanced concepts in flight stations. 相似文献
The focus of this work was to find a low-cost precursor for carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes, and a simple way of producing them. In addition, several ways of modifying a carbon material are described. The modification method used in this study was metal doping of carbon. CMS membranes were formed by vacuum carbonization of cellulose and metal loaded cellulose. Metal additives include oxides of Ca, Mg, Fe(III) and Si, and nitrates of Ag, Cu and Fe(III).The carbon membrane containing Fe-nitrate has promising separation performance for the gas pairs O2/N2 and CO2/CH4. Carbon containing nitrates of Cu or Ag show high selectivity, but reduced O2 and CO2 permeability compared to carbon with Fe-nitrate. Element analysis indicates that Cu migrates to the carbon surface, creating an extra layer resistance to gas transport. A silver mirror is also seen on the surface of Ag-nitrate-containing carbon. However, the Ag- and Cu-containing membranes show a high H2 permeability. Adding metal oxides makes the carbon membranes retard the transport of easily condensable gases (e.g. CO2). This can be exploited for enhanced H2/CO2 separation efficiency. 相似文献