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21.
A novel annular reactor for kinetic studies at high temperature and flow conditions has been designed to keep eccentricity tolerances below 10%. In a previous work, we have shown that it is very important to keep such low eccentricity values in order to collect reliable kinetic data from this type of reactors. As proposed in this study, a modified reactor with the use of a spacer could guarantee an annular duct with low levels of eccentricity. Manufacturing tolerances or deformation effects giving rise to eccentricity can be significantly minimised when using this apparatus. The reactor has been both experimentally and theoretically characterised. Carbon monoxide oxidation was used as a model reaction under mass-transfer limited conditions revealing an eccentricity of ∼5%. With such small eccentricity levels, a concentric annular form can be assumed in the reactor analysis. Simple 1D or 2D models can therefore be inexpensively used in the evaluation of the kinetic data. Also, prior to the design of the annular reactor, a numerical investigation was carried out to clarify the effects of eccentricity, physical properties of the carrier gas and the annular aspect ratio on mass-transfer limitations. Contrary to expectations, a considerable increase in the fuel mass-diffusivity by carrier gas substitution did not change the mass-transfer rates for cases when eccentricity and aspect ratios were high. 相似文献
22.
A simple treatment for obtaining the solution of single isothermal gas-solid non-catalytic reactions is presented. The model is formulated under a local volumetric approach and permits to incorporate non-linear chemical kinetics and the change in porous structure during conversion. The methodology developed in this work is based on the quantize method for decoupling the solid and gas equations and on perturbation and matching techniques for approximating the gas conservation equation. With this strategy, the calculation of gas concentration and solid conversion at any time and position are reduced to the solution of two coupled algebraic equations. The model compares favourably with the exact (numerical) solution for a variety of cases. This procedure provides an effective and general tool for obtaining the solution of gas-solid reactions with minor calculations. 相似文献
23.
首尔地面公交系统改革的成功经验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着经济、人口的快速发展,首尔开展了一次针对地面公交系统的成功而深刻的变革。其中包括组建以公众参与为基础的公交系统改革公民委员会,形成了“以线路连接为导向的公交系统”,采用新型公交智能卡、票价新制度以及信息一体化的管理系统。 相似文献
24.
A numerical study of the transport phenomena arising in a single-screw extruder channel is carried out. A non-Newtonian fluid
is considered, using a power law model for the variable viscosity. Chemical reaction kinetics are also included. Finite difference
computations are carried out to solve the governing set of partial differential equations for the velocity, temperature and
species concentration fields, over a wide range of governing parameters for the case of a tapered screw channel.
The numerical treatment for this combined heat and mass transfer problem is outlined. A marching procedure in the down-channel
direction is adopted and the validity of the scheme for practical problems discussed. For large viscous dissipation, the material
heats up considerably due to the prevailing shear field, affecting the viscosity significantly, and results in large changes
in the pressure development at the end of the channel. The rate of reaction controls the mass diffusion rate which in turn
affects viscosity and the flow significantly. The dimensionless throughput,q
v
, is one of the most important parameters in the numerical solution. The dimensionless pressure variation is very sensitive
toq
v
, and orders of magnitude changes are possible for small variations inq
v
. Schemes for dealing with other important effects such as back flow, heat transfer by conduction in the barrel, and the effect
of the die are also outlined.
A list of symbols is given at the end of the paper
This is publication No. F-10544-4-91 of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station supported by State Funds and the Center
for Advanced Food Technology (CAFT). The Center for Advanced Food Technology is a New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology Center. This work was also
supported in part by the US Army Research Office. 相似文献
25.
The condition of the surfaces is of crucial importance for the deuterium permeation through materials. In this work a study of the surface constants for the adsorption (σk1) and release (σk2) of deuterium under different surface conditions on the martensitic steel DIN 1.4914 (MANET) has been carried out. The growth of an oxide surface layer (Cr2O3) of about 25–30 nm in a MANET sample, heat treated in an oxidizing environment, compared to the bare MANET that have a ‘natural' oxide of about 5 nm has provoked a reduction of both the permeation rate and the recombination coefficient (about 3 orders of magnitude). In addition, the permeation governing process has changed from diffusion-limited to surface-limited. The measurements of the permeation rate of deuterium were performed by a gas-phase permeation technique over the temperature range 574–746 K and for deuterium driving pressures in the range from 3 to 105 Pa. 相似文献
26.
S. Sen 《Journal of Fusion Energy》2007,26(1-2):179-183
A novel technique is proposed for creating transport barriers by the rf waves. This is that the transport barriers can be
created by the rf induced ponderomotive force itself and no rf induced flow shear generation is necessary. It is demonstrated that the ponderomotive force of the rf waves can stabilize
the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode, considered nowadays as the dominant source of anomalous energy losses in the low
confinement (L) mode. It is also shown that this stabilization can be achieved for rather modest values of the rf power and
hence should be easily obtained in actual experiments.
相似文献
27.
Polypyrrole (PPy) doped with dodecylsulfate (DS) and an organic dye (indigo carmine, IC) was electrochemically prepared and characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoelectrochemical properties of PPy-DS and PPy-DS-IC in contact with an electrolytic solution containing a redox couple were studied using the theories for the semiconductor ∣ electrolyte interface. Results indicate that the system containing IC presents a higher photocurrent density under polychromatic illumination and faster response time when compared with PPy-DS. This fact was assigned to the formation of molecular-scale paths in PPy-DS-IC. The IC molecules lying perpendicularly between PPy chains, as confirmed by the X-ray analysis, could facilitate the mass transport at the interface and increase the ordering degree to provide better electronic charge transfer in the bulk. Although the photoelectrochemical devices presented here do not present all the properties of inorganic-based devices, we discuss some strategies to enhance the photoelectrochemical properties and response time of conducting polymers used in these type of systems. 相似文献
28.
通过动态分析和现场测试对一喷气客机的发动机振动作出诊断,发现涡轮叶轮的变柔导致其极转动惯量显著下降,因而改变发动机的动态特性,使其临界转速接近飞机的巡航转速,产生不应有的振动和噪声。文章提出了具体改进方案,已为研制单位采用。 相似文献
29.
David Geltner 《Energy Policy》1985,13(4):340-344
The author examines the transport energy consumption of developing countries and compares it with that of developed countries. These figures are found to suggest considerable scope for transport energy savings. Given the need for improved energy efficiency, the author moves on to consider transport in the context of the wider economy. Four broad policy approaches which can affect transport energy consumption are identified — information and training programmes, subsidies; pricing and tax policies; and administrative regulations. The author's primary conclusion is that the energy price changes of the last decade do not hold revolutionary implications for the transport sector. There remains, however, a need to improve efficiency in this sector. 相似文献
30.
飞机交流发电机是飞机关键部件之一,监测其健康状况具有重要意义。通过设计实验数据获取平台采集交流发电机在转速上升(从6000转/分到8500转/分)、平稳运行(7500转/分)及转速下降(8500转/分到6000转/分)三个阶段的振动信号,利用符号序列Shannon熵的计算方法以及符号化方法设定合适参数对振动信号进行了处理,得出了交流发电机在三个阶段的振动信号的Shannon熵;通过初步的分析表明,交流发电机在正常状态下三个阶段的Shannon熵都比较有规律的在一定范围内变化,一旦发生振动异常将会引起Shannon熵突变;经过分析讨论,Shannon熵的突变与否是可以用来反映交流发电机在机械方面是否存在故障隐患的。 相似文献