光纤中受激喇曼散射的孤子效应

本文在综述近年来有关光孤子研究成果的基础上,对单模光纤中受激喇曼散射的喇曼孤子产生进行了详细地描述。从理论上分析了喇曼互作用及喇曼孤子的形成过程,讨论了喇曼孤子产生的实验方法及有关应用。     

Numerical simulation and error analysis for thermal diffusivity measurements using laser-induced thermal grating technique

The laser-induced thermal grating technique has been used to determine the thermal diffusivity of liquids and liquid mixtures. But the dynamic behaviour of the transient thermal grating has not yet been thoroughly investigated, and the systematic errors, which result from the departures from one-dimensional heat conduction, have scarcely been studied quantitatively. In this paper. a three-dimensional numerical simulation and results of the transient thermal grating technique are presented, which enable a good understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the transient thermal grating. The results of this simulation are important for the proper design of the experimental setup to keep the systematic errors for the diffusivity measurement small. Based on the simulation method, the systematic errors were analyzed quantitatively. Here, the following effects were studied: (I) sample thickness, (2) intersection angle, (3) absorption, (4) Gaussian beam intensity distribution and focusing of heating laser beam, and (5) heating pulse duration and laser power. This error analysis makes it possible to specify the criteria for optimum measuring conditions, to correct the measured thermal-diffusivity values for systematic errors, and to estimate the accuracy of the measurements.     

Analysis of a conjugated infinite element method for acoustic scattering

This work is devoted to a study of a conjugated infinite element method for Helmholtz problems in exterior domains. A formulation of this method with Lagrange multipliers defined on (semi-)infinite space is presented and analyzed in a domain decomposition context. The implementation aspects of this method in a parallel industrial acoustic software (SYSNOISE) are described in details. Numerical results show the computational efficiency of this method on acoustic scattering problems.     

An empirical InSAR-optical fusion approach to mapping vegetation canopy height

Exploiting synergies afforded by a host of recently available national-scale data sets derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and passive optical remote sensing, this paper describes the development of a novel empirical approach for the provision of regional- to continental-scale estimates of vegetation canopy height. Supported by data from the 2000 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), the National Elevation Dataset (NED), the LANDFIRE project, and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2001, this paper describes a data fusion and modeling strategy for developing the first-ever high-resolution map of canopy height for the conterminous U.S. The approach was tested as part of a prototype study spanning some 62,000 km² in central Utah (NLCD mapping zone 16). A mapping strategy based on object-oriented image analysis and tree-based regression techniques is employed. Empirical model development is driven by a database of height metrics obtained from an extensive field plot network administered by the USDA Forest Service-Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program. Based on data from 508 FIA field plots, an average absolute height error of 2.1 m (r = 0.88) was achieved for the prototype mapping zone.     

Fluctuation X-ray microscopy: a novel approach for the structural study of disordered materials

Measuring medium‐range order is a challenging and important problem in the structural study of disordered materials. We have developed a new technique, fluctuation x‐ray microscopy, that offers quantitative insight into medium‐range correlations in disordered materials at nanometre and larger length scales.In this technique, which requires a spatially coherent x‐ray beam, a series of speckle patterns are measured at a large number of locations in a sample using various illumination sizes. Examination of the speckle variance as a function of the illumination spot size allows the structural correlation length to be measured. To demonstrate this technique we have studied polystyrene latex spheres, which serve as a model for a dense random‐packed glass, and for the first time have measured the correlation length in a disordered system by fluctuation X‐ray microscopy. We discuss data analysis and procedures to correct for shot noise and detector noise. This approach could be used to explore medium‐range order and subtle spatial structural changes in a wide range of disordered materials, from soft matter to nanowire arrays, semiconductor quantum dot arrays and magnetic materials.     

ψ(3770)精细扫描数据积分亮度的测量

工作在北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)上的北京谱议(BES),于2003年12月在质心系能量从3.660到3.897 GeV区间内67个能量点上收集了数据,我们测量了此67个能量点数据样本的积分亮度.数据样本对应的总的积分亮度为(5550.96±13.56±108.24)nb-1.     

Monitoring herbaceous fuel moisture content with SPOT VEGETATION time-series for fire risk prediction in savanna ecosystems

This paper evaluated the capacity of SPOT VEGETATION time-series to monitor herbaceous fuel moisture content (FMC) in order to improve fire risk assessment in the savanna ecosystem of Kruger National Park in South Africa. In situ herbaceous FMC data were used to assess the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Vegetation Dryness Index (VDI), Improved VDI (IVDI), and Accumulated Relative NDVI Decrement (ARND) during the dry season. The effect of increasing amounts of dead vegetation on the monitoring capacity of derived indices was studied by sampling mixed live and dead FMC. The IVDI was proposed as an improvement of the VDI to monitor herbaceous FMC during the dry season. The IVDI is derived by replacing NDVI with the integrated Relative Vegetation Index (iRVI), as an approximation of yearly herbaceous biomass, when analyzing the 2-dimensional space with NDWI. It was shown that the iRVI offered more information than the NDVI in combination with NDWI to monitor FMC. The VDI and IVDI exhibited a significant relation to FMC with R² of 0.25 and 0.73, respectively. The NDWI, however, correlated best with FMC (R² = 0.75), while the correlation of ARND and FMC was weaker (R² = 0.60) than that found for NDVI, NDWI, and IVDI. The use of in situ herbaceous FMC consequently indicated that NDWI is appropriate as spatio-temporal information source of herbaceous FMC variation which can be used to optimize fire risk and behavior assessment for fire management in savanna ecosystems.     

低频UWB SAR的冲击响应函数

提取系统的冲击响应函数(impulse response function,IRF)是测量雷达系统性能指标的前提,IRF来自理想点目标的雷达图像。对于低频超宽带合成孔径雷达(ultra wide band synthetic aperture radar,UWB SAR),参考点目标的电磁散射特性是频率和方位角的函数,不满足理想点目标的散射特性要求。本文从IRF的定义出发,结合低频UWBSAR系统处理模型,利用二维数字聚焦方法消除杂波的影响,同时利用低频电磁散射数值建模的方法计算参考点目标的电磁散射特性,最后给出了计算系统IRF的方法。     

复杂形体目标激光散射特征测量系统的研制

复杂形体目标激光散射特征的测量系统中，利用反射式离轴光路满足了可见到远红外波段的测量需要，通过大孔径（250mm）物方远心接收光路实现了对实际远场的模拟测量，以光滑镀金球体作为标准器，可直接获得任意目标散射截面的绝对值。在0．6328、1．06和10．6μm三个波段针对标准器的实测结果表明，平均误差小于4．95％。     

Solubilization of unilamellar liposomes by betaine-type zwitterionic/anionic surfactant systems

The mechanisms governing the solubilizing interactions between zwitterionic/anionic mixed surfactant systems at different molar fractions of the zwitterionic surfactant (X_zwitter) and neutral or electrically charged unilamellar liposomes were investigated. The mixed systems were formed by N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylbetaine and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of piperazine-1,4-bis-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer at pH 7.20. Unilamellar liposomes formed by egg phosphatidylcholine, in some cases together with stearylamine or phosphatidic acid, were used. Solubilization was detected as a decrease in static light-scattering of liposomes. Two parameters were regarded as corresponding to the effective surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) at which the surfactant system (i) saturated the liposomes, Re_sat, and (ii) led to a total solubilization of liposomes, Re_sol. From these parameters the bilayer/aqueous medium surfactant partition coefficients for the saturation (K_sat) and complete bilayer solubilization (K_sol) were determined. When X_zwitter was 0.40, The Re and K parameters showed a maximum, whereas the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of these systems exhibited a minimum, regardless of the electrical charge of bilayers. Given that the ability of the surfactant systems to saturate or solubilize liposomes is inversely related to the Re_sat and Re_sol parameters, these capacities appear to be directly correlated with the CMC of the mixed systems. The similarity of both K_sat and K_sol (particularly for X_zwitter=0.2–0.8) suggests that a similar partition equilibrium governs both the saturation and the complete solubilization of bilayers, the free surfactant concentration (S_a,S_b), remaining almost constant with similar values to the CMC for each mixed system studied.