基于漂木分离效果的鱼脊型水石分离结构参数优化

山洪、泥石流中往往携带有大量漂木,漂木的堵塞作用和冲击作用往往会加剧灾害,并对山洪、泥石流防治工程造成影响。鱼脊型泥石流水石分离结构是一种新型的水石分离结构,对泥石流中粗大颗粒具有良好的分离作用,但该结构对漂木的分离作用和漂木对结构的影响尚未进行研究。本文通过模型实验,研究了引流口的漂木过流能力和水石分离格栅对漂木的分离效果,探讨了该结构对漂木的减灾效果及相关影响因素。实验结果表明水石分离格栅结构参数以及流速对漂木的分离效果有重要影响。根据实验结果提出了基于漂木分离效果的鱼脊型水石分离结构主要参数的优化方法。     

等幅干湿循环条件下膨胀土的低应力抗剪强度特征

为研究膨胀土的真实强度特征,采用室内常规直剪试验,对等幅度干湿循环条件下的重塑膨胀土进行低应力抗剪强度测试。研究了重塑膨胀土低应力抗剪强度参数随循环次数、循环幅度的变化关系,并建立了包含初始含水率、循环幅度、干湿循环次数为变量的粘聚力的非线性特征函数。试验结果表明：在相同循环幅度和初始控制含水率下,膨胀土的粘聚力随循环次数的增加而衰减;在相同循环次数和初始控制含水率下,膨胀土的粘聚力随循环幅度的增加而衰减;内摩擦角与循环幅度和循环次数之间的关系无法用函数来表达;本文建立的非线性粘聚力衰减函数是利用室内简单试验得到的,可用来计算等幅度干湿循环条件下膨胀土的粘聚力。     

基于离散元模拟和微震监测的地下厂房围岩稳定性研究

针对猴子岩水电站地下厂房洞室群在开挖过程中围岩的稳定性问题,运用基于离散元基本理论的2维颗粒流PFC^2D（particalflowcodein2Dimensions）软件,模拟了地下厂房洞室群开挖过程中控制性结构面对围岩变形和破坏的影响,再现了围岩损伤演化规律;同时引入微震监测技术对地下厂房围岩微震活动进行实时监测和分析,并将数值模拟与微震监测结果进行对比研究。结果表明,围岩开挖卸荷损伤与断层密切相关,颗粒流模拟得到的大型地下洞室群开挖过程中围岩损伤与微震监测结果基本一致。采用数值模拟和微震监测相结合的综合研究方法,可以有效评价地下厂房开挖过程围岩的损伤和预测潜在的失稳区域。     

面向水流系统功能的多维度水资源承载力评价指标体系

在简述水资源承载力研究进展的基础上,基于系统结构与功能的相互关系和水资源系统的演变特征,从水资源系统自然演化、生态服务和社会服务三大功能推演出水资源系统的水量、水质、水生栖息环境和连通性四维结构,并以此对水资源承载力进行表征。基于对水资源承载主体、客体及承载过程的分析,以水资源承载支撑力、压力和调控力描述承载过程,建立了基于承载过程的"水量-水质-水生栖息环境-连通性"四维指标体系,该指标体系可用于不同流域或区域多维水资源承载力评价。     

高含沙水流作用下水垫塘底板上举力特性试验

针对高含沙水流对水垫塘底板上举力特性的影响,通过模型试验,研究了不同含沙量下底板上举力的分布规律、幅值特性和频谱特性。结果表明:含沙水流作用下的上举力沿程分布规律与清水时相同;各流速下上举力时均值均随含沙量的增大而增大,且基本呈线性函数关系,斜率在0.17～0.22之间;上举力标准差随含沙量的增大先增大后减小,在含沙量为183 kg/m~3时出现峰值;上举力的脉动在0～3 Hz的低频范围内,与清水相比,水流含沙后功率谱的频带宽度增加,高频域内的功率谱密度值有所增加;水流的时间积分尺度随着含沙量的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

基于CFD的挑流泄洪雾化特性研究

针对泄洪雾化影响范围不易采用数学模型直接模拟的问题,以某高坝电站泄洪为研究对象,先采用三维数学模型计算挑流水舌入水流速、入水角度等水力特征值,再基于此特征值选用原型观测校正后的计算公式预报泄洪雾化范围,并通过物理模型试验对计算结果进行验证分析。结果表明,受比尺效应影响,物理模型试验预测的雾化影响范围小于公式计算的范围,但两者的变化趋势一致;雾流受惯性力和水舌风作用,沿水舌轴线做爬坡运动,与原型观测现象一致;受出口挑流影响,泄洪雾化影响集中在水舌落入点的下游,而水垫塘上游、右岸降雨强度较小,影响范围有限。     

A customised approach to determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small flood events in a regulated river

The construction of dams significantly alters flow and sediment regimes with subsequent deleterious effects on the morphological and ecological character of rivers. Effective experimental floods can ameliorate the downstream geomorphic impacts of dams. The traditional view is that large floods are required to perform effective geomorphic work, and the geomorphic outcomes of small floods are often overlooked. Many river restoration frameworks do not consider small floods. Yet, there is evidence that the hydrological characteristics that ameliorate specific geomorphic impacts in a river are unique to each river, and a customised approach to setting the right mix of floods (including small experimental floods) is needed. In this study, we modify an existing flood effectiveness model developed for large floods, for determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods in a highly regulated Australian river. Two flood classes were added to the model (medium peak stream power and moderate total energy expenditure), and the flood power characteristics were rescaled to reflect the relative difference in the magnitude of the small floods and the magnitude of the geomorphic work performed. Using a step‐wise approach, this customised model determined the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods. The best flood for ameliorating the geomorphic impacts of flow regulation had medium to long duration (10 to 51 days), high peak unit stream power (77 to 123 Wm^?2) and moderate to large total energy expenditure (78,600 to 342,320 × 10³ J). This approach to determining flood effectiveness for small floods is applicable to other geomorphically impacted river channels downstream of dams and can be used to inform experimental flood releases for geomorphic outcomes.     

Invertebrate response to impacts of water diversion and flow regulation in high‐altitude tropical streams

Water supply systems are critical infrastructure that provides food and energy security for developed societies. The operation of reservoirs (flow regulation) and water intakes (water diversion) has known negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems; however, quantification of ecological impacts and examination of these two types of flow alteration remain a developing area of research. We investigated the individual and combined impact of flow regulation and water diversion on stream ecosystem integrity, the freshwater macroinvertebrate community, and the population structure of flow‐sensitive insects. For 2 years, we monitored quarterly discharge, physical and chemical stream conditions, and benthic invertebrates of four high‐altitude tropical streams that are part of the water supply system of Quito, Ecuador. Flow regulation caused a loss of the hydrological seasonality of these streams, including a decrease in stream depth and biotic quality. Water diversion caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen and overall ecosystem integrity. Freshwater invertebrate density and richness decreased as a result of water diversion and flow regulation. The combined flow alteration in these streams decreased the density of nymphal stages of the widely distributed mayfly Andesiops peruvianus. Given the societal needs for food and energy security, water management for diversion (e.g., irrigation) and in‐line storage practices (e.g., hydroelectric dams) are anticipated to increase. This research suggests that the negative environmental impacts of flow alteration could be mitigated with discharge releases designed to approximate the natural hydrologic regime of undisturbed streams.     

松散回填层及深厚淤泥地基联合灌浆加固技术研究

江苏某风电场升压站电缆沟地基为厚约３ｍ的土夹石回填层和１５ｍ的淤泥层,因施工时回填层未分层碾压,淤泥层也未作处理,工程运行后出现了明显下沉,局部下沉量超过了３０ｃｍ,严重影响到电缆及设备的正常运行,亟需进行加固处理。针对该电缆沟回填层孔隙大、淤泥层深厚、地下管线复杂、施工空间受限、工期短,以及减沉加固效果要求高等工程特点,研究采用了“水泥膏浆＋稳定性浆液”、 “压力－流量双限控制”、“深－浅孔布孔”相结合的联合灌浆加固处理方法,以工后沉降为控制目标,对孔排距、灌浆压力和灌浆量进行了设计,对水泥膏浆和稳定性浆液进行了现场配比试验和灌浆施工,并对加固处理效果进行了分析评价。工后沉降监测表明,联合灌浆对于松散回填层及深厚淤泥地基加固处理效果较好,可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于1960-2018年实测径流与水文学方法的开都河生态流量分析

为科学地确定河流生态流量,保障流域水安全与生态环境健康,基于开都河大山口水文站1960-2018年的实测径流数据,采用Tennant法、典型水文频率年法、最枯月平均流量法和Q_p法等4种水文学方法计算了河流的生态流量,通过对比分析确定基于Tennant法的计算结果最为适宜。计算结果表明：开都河大山口水文站10-翌年3月的平均生态流量应不小于15.60 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为 2.47×10⁸ m³;4-9月的平均生态流量应不小于46.15 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为7.30×10⁸ 　m³,全年生态流量平均不小于30.88 m³/s,对应最小生态环境需水量为9.77×10⁸ 　m³。该生态流量目标可满足开都河大山口至博斯腾湖河段的河道径流损失,保证河流基本生态功能与水生态安全。计算分析结果可为开都河河流生态流量管理提供支撑。