Multivariate statistical log log-facies classification on a shallow marine reservoir

Sedimentary facies are important in reservoir characterization because flow properties are commonly assigned using facies-specific correlations. Multivariate statistical methods provide a powerful vehicle to extract facies responses from different well logs, to predict facies in uncored wells and evaluate uncertainty.Previous study shows a difficulty in bin selection to accurately reproduce the samples' conditional probability distribution. In this paper, a new method uses empirical beta distributions to model the distribution of petrophysical properties conditional to facies. Petrophysical property distributions are assumed conditionally independent, simplifying the use of Bayes rule.Three multivariate statistical methods (beta-Bayesian, multinomial logistic regression, and discriminant analysis) are examined in this paper using log and facies data from a western African sandstone reservoir. Three derived probability logs compare the prediction performance of the statistical methods as well as illustrate influences of log combinations and sample size. Two-way analysis of variance compares prediction accuracy of the models. For a given dataset, there are no significant differences (with 90% confidence) in predictions by the three methods. Additional logs improve prediction accuracy from 30 to above 80%. Final prediction accuracy is 82 to 90% for these three algorithms. Including 20 to 25% of the complete core and facies data in model construction provides accurate predictions; models were validated against the data not used in model construction. The fitted classification models can generate three-dimensional log-derived facies distributions for geologic modeling and reservoir simulation. The three methods are straightforward, efficient, and have quantifiable prediction errors.     

Preparation and application of zeolite beta with super-low SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> ratio

This paper presents the direct synthesis of super-low SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio zeolite beta molecular sieve through a novel route, by which some of aluminium species are added during crystaling process. The IR results show that with the increase of aluminium content in the framework, the frequency of the band in the range of framework vibration (1060–1090 cm⁻¹) shifts to the lower wave-number; the BET surface-area decreases and the basicity of zeolite becomes stronger. In a second step, new adsorbents were obtained by solid-state ion exchanging zeolite beta with Cu(I), Ag(I) cations. The deep-desulfurization (sulfur levels of <1 ppmw) tests were performed using fixed-bed adsorption technique, the sulfur content of the treated and untreated gasoline was analyzed by microcoulometry. The experimental results show that the desulfurization performance of sorbents decreases in order: Cu(I)beta > Ag(I)beta > Na-beta. The best sorbent, Cu(I)beta, has breakthrough adsorption capacities of 0.236 mmolS/g of sorbent for model gasoline.     

Polymerisation of styrene using Y, USY and β zeolites as catalysts

The homopolymerisation of styrene is studied in the presence of Y, USY and beta zeolites. High molecular weight polymers, in the range 0.7 × 10⁶–1 × 10⁶, are obtained in good yields. The activity of zeolite beta is only slightly increased by calcination of the as-synthesised material, pointing to an important role of the zeolite outer surface. The influence of the catalyst acidity upon the polymer molecular weight is evaluated by the use of dealuminated zeolites. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

固溶处理对β钛合金微弧氧化膜生长过程的影响

目的 在不同固溶热处理工艺的β钛合金上制备微弧氧化膜,研究其在微弧氧化初期的生长特性。方法 对比铸态、750 ℃固溶、850 ℃固溶β钛合金表面微弧氧化初期（0~120 s）氧化膜的厚度、表面形貌、相组成及电化学腐蚀性能变化,研究热处理与膜层特性之间的关系,并分析热处理对氧化膜表面裂纹的产生及膜层生长的影响规律。结果 固溶处理改变了基体合金的相组成,元素分布随之改变,热处理后试样表面更容易起弧。较未热处理试样,氧化时间为120 s时,固溶处理后所获膜层的厚度更薄且致密。微弧氧化膜微观形貌显示,经750 ℃固溶热处理后的试样,在微弧氧化后,其膜层表面裂纹最少。极化曲线显示,750 ℃热处理试样氧化膜的耐蚀性优于850 ℃热处理试样。结论 经过750 ℃固溶处理后的合金试样,由于其元素分布均匀,使得微弧氧化初期放电均匀,更易获得致密的微弧氧化膜,膜层的综合性能较好。     

The Effects of Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Consumption on Mammary Carcinogenesis

The consumption of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Studies in animals and in vitro have demonstrated mechanisms that could explain this apparent effect, but clinical and epidemiological studies have returned conflicting results on the practical benefits of dietary n‐3 PUFA for prevention of breast cancer. Effects are often only significant within a population when comparing the highest n‐3 PUFA consumption group to the lowest n‐3 group or highest n‐6 group. The beneficial effects of n‐3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic on the risk of breast cancer are dose dependent and are negatively affected by total n‐6 consumption. The majority of the world population, including the most highly developed regions, consumes insufficient n‐3 PUFA to significantly reduce breast cancer risk. This review discusses the physiological and dietary context in which reduction of breast cancer risk may occur, some proposed mechanisms of action and meaningful recommendations for consumption of n‐3 PUFA in the diet of developed regions.     

Perspectives on Inhibiting β‐Amyloid Aggregation through Structure‐Based Drug Design

Targeting β‐amyloid (Aβ) remains the most desired strategy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) drug discovery research. Many peptides that specifically target Aβ aggregates are known, encompassing efforts from both industrial and academic research settings. However, in clinical terms, not much success has been gained with peptide research; in turn, small drug‐like molecules are already globally recognized as showing promise as an alternate approach. Aβ aggregation inhibitors are the most important part of the multifunctional drug design regimen for treating AD. Unfortunately, rational drug design approaches with small molecules are still in the initial stages. Herein we highlight, update, and elaborate on the structural anatomy of Aβ and known Aβ aggregation inhibitors in hopes of helping to optimize their use in structure‐based drug design approaches toward inhibitors with greater specificity. Furthermore, we present the first review of efforts to target a previously uncharacterized region of acetylcholinesterase: the N‐terminal 7–20 sub‐region, which was experimentally elucidated to participate in Aβ aggregation and deposition.     

Aggregation‐Prone Amyloid‐β⋅CuII Species Formed on the Millisecond Timescale under Mildly Acidic Conditions

Metal ions and their interaction with the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide might be key elements in the development of Alzheimer's disease. In this work the effect of Cu^II on the aggregation of Aβ is explored on a timescale from milliseconds to days, both at physiological pH and under mildly acidic conditions, by using stopped‐flow kinetic measurements (fluorescence and light‐scattering), ¹H NMR relaxation and ThT fluorescence. A minimal reaction model that relates the initial Cu^II binding and Aβ folding with downstream aggregation is presented. We demonstrate that a highly aggregation prone Aβ ? Cu^II species is formed on the sub‐second timescale at mildly acidic pH. This observation might be central to the molecular origin of the known detrimental effect of acidosis in Alzheimer's disease.     

ATP合酶β亚基功能与疾病

ATP合酶,又称F1F0-ATP合成酶,是位于线粒体内膜、叶绿体类囊体膜和光合菌质膜上的参与呼吸链氧化磷酸化的最后环节。其结构包含F1和F0两个亚单位,共同作用于ATP的分解和合成。ATP合酶&beta;亚基是F1F0-ATP合成酶F1亚单位的重要组件,该亚基包含ATP合成和水解所需的催化位点,其功能好坏与疾病发生直接相关。本文就ATP合酶&beta;亚基功能与糖尿病、肿瘤、肥胖症等疾病的关系作一综述。     

Generation of H2O2 from H2 and O2 over zeolite beta containing Pd and heterogenized organic compounds

The catalytic generation of H₂O₂ from H₂ and O₂ has been studied over zeolite beta-supported Pd and zeolite beta-adsorbed organic compounds such as 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), azobenzene (AB) and hydrazobenzene (HAB). According to catalytic results, zeolite beta-supported Pd catalysts display effective performance relative to those prepared from other types of zeolites reported and Pd-loaded zeolite beta-adsorbed HQ catalysts show enhanced activity compared to zeolite beta-supported Pd catalysts. In situ UV–Vis spectroscopic study indicates that HQ can readily be converted to BQ reversibly under H₂ and air inside zeolite beta only in the presence of Pd. The results suggest that HQ acts as a strong hydrogen transfer agent to promote the production of H₂O₂ from H₂ and O₂ in cooperation with a Pd catalyst. By contrast, adsorption of BQ, AB and HAB induces suppression of the catalytic properties of Pd/zeolite beta.     

Towards Dynamic Drug Design: Identification and Optimization of β‐Galactosidase Inhibitors from a Dynamic Hemithioacetal System

A discovery strategy relying on the identification of fragments through resolution of a constitutional dynamic system, coupled to subsequent static ligand design and optimization, is demonstrated. The strategic design and synthesis of the best molecular fragments identified from a dynamic hemithioacetal system into static ligand structures yielded a range of β‐galactosidase inhibitors. Two series of structures mimicking the hemithioacetal motif were envisaged: thioglycosides and C‐glycosides. Inhibition studies provided important structural information for the two groups, and 1‐thiobenzyl‐β‐D ‐galactopyranoside demonstrated the best inhibitory effects.