A treatise on order in engineering design research

Engineering design research shows a rather fragmented, if not a chaotic, picture. But does it have a hidden order? Can we explore it, or should we impose a reasoning model? This paper looks for the answer in the purpose of engineering design. It is destined to sustain human existence and well being by virtual creation of artifacts and services for the society. To this end, the engineering design discipline should provide a proper body of knowledge. The design knowledge obtained by empirical exploration and/or rational comprehension should be transformed for practical/pragmatic deployment. It was assumed that this purposely streaming of design knowledge gives a unique rationale for engineering design research. Based on this, a framework of reasoning was constructed, including source, channel, and sink categories of knowledge and research of engineering design, respectively. Within each category, research domains, trajectories, and approaches were identified. The semantic relationships of domains, trajectories, and approaches form a hierarchical structure. The proposed framework enables a grounded argumentation about the order of engineering design research, as well as about the articulation of the engineering design knowledge.     

Using categorical methods in computer science

Some categorical methods used in developing computer programs are considered. Relevant theorems are proved. Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 4, pp. 3–11, July–August, 2000.     

大学计算机基础教学改革实践探究

摘要：计算机的广泛普及使得大学计算机基础教学面临新的任务和挑战,传统的统一上课模式已无法适应新的新势。结合本校具体情况分析计算机基础教学中存在的问题,探索了分类分层的教学改革方案,根据专业、学生水平划分不同的教学班级,体现了因材实教。通过对分类分层教学改革方案的实施,激发了学生的学习积极性,提高了学生应用计算机的能力。     

Categorisation and priorities for future research on inert matrix fuels: An extended synthesis of the panel discussions

There are three categories of basic fuel cycle needs, which are being addressed by the different types of inert matrix fuel (IMF) concepts currently under development. These are: plutonium burning in existing LWRs, plutonium burning in fast reactors and minor actinide transmutation — corresponding to three distinct timescales for perceived IMF implementation, viz. short, medium and long term, respectively. The current paper, based partly on the two panel discussions organised at the 6^th IMF workshop, presents viewpoints and priorities for each of the three categories of IMF applications, both in terms of the fuel concepts to be pursued and the corresponding R&D requirements.     

Traits as dimensions or categories? Developmental change in the understanding of trait terms.

Recent research has suggested that young children have relatively well-developed trait concepts. However, this literature overlooks potential age-related differences in children's appreciation of the fundamentally dimensional nature of traits. In Study 1, we presented 4-, 5-, and 7-year-old children and adults with sets of characters and asked them to indicate the preferences of a target character who shared appearance attributes with one character (appearance match) and shared a common trait with the other character (trait match). Traits were presented in a way that emphasized either their categorical or their dimensional nature. When the dimensional nature of trait terms was emphasized, the youngest children made fewer trait-based inferences, and the use of traits increased with age. In Study 2, we gave 4-year-old children and adults the same task except that the extent to which appearance cues could serve as a meaningful basis of judgment was varied. Results were consistent with the findings of Study 1, although children were more likely to rely on dimensional presentations of traits in the absence of strong appearance cues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

纺织物指别词语的翻译特色

运用简单的集合原理研究了纺织物指别词汇的语义场，发现其中的上下义关系的类属指别词和多项分类对立关系的种属指别词可以用9种不同的翻译策略加以翻译，其中的部分语义重叠特征的同义聚合关系可以构成纺织物指别词翻译的一词多译雏度，另外，归纳了9类与纺织物指别词相关的修饰性范畴词，共同构建了纺织物指别词翻译的能产性网络，用于翻译纺织物的基本指别词汇。     

武汉基坑开挖有关问题探讨

本文据工作经验，归纳了武汉地区工程地质水文地质基本条件，划分出三大类地层规律性剖面；再以五个工程实例探讨有关基坑开挖的方案，在综合考虑三大前提条件下，使之即安全可行，又提高工效、降低成本。     

Process demands of rejection mechanisms of recognition memory.

A surge of research has been conducted to examine memory editing mechanisms that help distinguish accurate from inaccurate memories. In the present experiment, the authors examined the ability of participants to use novelty detection, recollection rejection, and plausibility judgments to reject lures presented on a recognition memory test. Participants studied a list of word pairs that were arranged in a category relationship (both words from the same category) or an unrelated relationship (both words from different categories) under full or divided attention. At test, participants were given a yes/no recognition test in which they were to respond after seeing the test items for 400 ms or 2,800 ms. Some of the test items were rearranged word pairs that were consistent with the study relationship, whereas others were inconsistent with the study relationship. The results demonstrate that the participants required full attention at study to use novelty detection, recollection rejection, and plausibility judgments to reject lures. Moreover, the results indicate that a long response deadline at test was needed for participants to use both recollection rejection and plausibility judgments to reject lures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gold, jade, and emeruby: The value of naturalness for theories of concepts and categories.

Researchers studying the psychology of concepts frequently draw distinctions between artificial and natural concepts. Unfortunately, there is a lack of consensus regarding the foundations and implications of the distinction. This paper provides a review and evaluation of the different ways researchers have approached the question of conceptual naturalness. Accounts may be divided into 2 approaches described as psychologically or externally based. These characterizations motivate distinctive sets of research questions. In addition to the particular implications, the author also considers the general significance of a distinction between natural and artificial concepts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conservation,Conservatives and Consensus: The Success of Conservation under the Thatcher and Major Governments, 1979–1997

The British Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997 are usually associated with a strident agenda of economic liberalism, combined with a centralization of political power, which affected land-use planning along with other policy spheres. However, not only did the conservation of the historic environment escape these forces, its policy significance strengthened during the period. In a time associated with the breakdown of post-war political consensus, conservation policy goals achieved a virtually unchallenged consensus for the first time. This article examines how central government policy developed during this period before examining a range of possible explanations for these outcomes. These include political attitudes and support, electoral significance, conservation lobbies, the commodification and political symbolism of heritage and the dominant ideology thesis. Finally, the article speculates on how stable and enduring the conservation consensus may prove.