Category use and category learning.

Categorization models based on laboratory research focus on a narrower range of explanatory constructs than appears necessary for explaining the structure of natural categories. This mismatch is caused by the reliance on classification as the basis of laboratory studies. Category representations are formed in the process of interacting with category members. Thus, laboratory studies must explore a range of category uses. The authors review the effects of a variety of category uses on category learning. First, there is an extensive discussion contrasting classification with a predictive inference task that is formally equivalent to classification but leads to a very different pattern of learning. Then, research on the effects of problem solving, communication, and combining inference and classification is reviewed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

ATM服务特性分析

ＡＴＭ是一种多服务技术。本文针对ＡＴＭ层的服务特性进行了详细的分析，重点阐述了各种ＡＴＭ层服务的定义、业务参数说明及其应用     

Integrating Differentiated Services with ATM

IP in the edge and ATM in the core are commonplace in today's internetworks. The IETF has proposed a new Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism namely Differentiated Services (DiffServ) for IP networks. On the other hand, QoS is an inherent feature in ATM. It is imperative that IP and ATM QoS interoperate efficiently to provide an end-to-end service guarantee. DiffServ provides a class of service named Assured Forwarding (AF) that does not exactly correlate to any of the service categories offered by ATM. AF is targeted towards a range of applications, such as real-time (rt) that do not require a constant bit rate service provided by Expedited Forwarding, and other non-real-time (nrt) applications that expect a service better than best effort. In this paper we propose the mapping of AF to the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) service category in ATM. VBR is suitable because it is available in the form of rt-VBR and nrt-VBR and could be translated appropriately based on the applications. The mapping is implemented and verified using the LBNL Network Simulator. The results of the experiments show that VBR is a better match for AF than any other service category in ATM.     

Indexing systematic rater agreement with a latent-class model.

A latent-class model of rater agreement is presented for which 1 of the model parameters can be interpreted as the proportion of systematic agreement. The latent classes of the model emerge from the factorial combination of the "true" category in which a target belongs and the ease with which raters are able to classify targets into the true category. Several constrained cases of the model are described, and the relations to other well-known agreement models and kappa-type summary coefficients are explained. The differential quality of the rating categories can be assessed on the basis of the model fit. The model is illustrated using data from diagnoses of psychiatric disorders and classifications of individuals in a persuasive communication study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

iNet: visual analysis of irregular transition in multivariate dynamic networks

Multivariate dynamic networks indicate networks whose topology structure and vertex attributes are evolving along time. They are common in multimedia applications. Anomaly detection is one of the essential tasks in analyzing these networks though it is not well addressed. In this paper, we combine a rare category detection method and visualization techniques to help users to identify and analyze anomalies in multivariate dynamic networks. We conclude features of rare categories and two types of anomalies of rare categories. Then we present a novel rare category detection method, called DIRAD, to detect rare category candidates with anomalies. We develop a prototype system called iNet, which integrates two major visualization components, including a glyph-based rare category identifier, which helps users to identify rare categories among detected substructures, a major view, which assists users to analyze and interpret the anomalies of rare categories in network topology and vertex attributes. Evaluations, including an algorithm performance evaluation, a case study, and a user study, are conducted to test the effectiveness of proposed methods.     

有扭仿射李代数赋值模的某些性质

设g为有限维复单李代数,g^^[σ]为对应的有扭仿射李代数,U1,…,U,为不可约g-模,z1,…,zr为互不相同的非零复数．利用生成函数的方法证明赋值模U1（z1）×…Ur（zr）为g^^[σ]-模范畴E中不可约模并证明其同构定理．     

Statistical Determination of Ignition Frequency of Structural Fires in Different Premises in Finland

Ignition frequencies and ignition frequencies per floor area were determined for different building categories in Finland as total groups and as a function of the floor area of the building. These frequencies are needed as input for risk analysis using performance based fire safety design. It was found that differences between building categories or location within country were so small that a universal curve for the whole country could be determined. For ignition frequency per floor area for small buildings a strong dependence on size is observed, but it remains approximately constant for larger buildings. Additionally periodical variations of ignition frequency of buildings by month and week of year, day of week, and time of day were determined. Historical review of the development of ignition frequency models was made. Some evaluation on the generality of the results was made based on the theoretical models.     

2×200 MW级某天然气热电联产项目的生命周期环境影响评价

江苏省近年来大力发展燃气热电联产项目。2012年江苏省天然气利用量居全国首位。对江苏省2×200 MW某天然气热电联产项目进行了生命周期环境影响评价。生命周期评价（LCA）结果表明,对于该燃气热电联产项目,非生物资源消耗（CADP）、全球暖化（GWP）和酸化（AP）是相对重要的环境影响类型,可吸入无机物（RI）相对较为次要。生产运行阶段对各类环境影响类型,尤其是CADP和GWP均有重要贡献;天然气生产和管道输运则对AP和RI有显著贡献;建设拆除阶段对各类环境影响类型的贡献均较小。与燃煤发电相比,天然气热电联产在环境影响方面具有较大优势,其GWP、AP和RI分别约为煤电的20%、15%和5%;但天然气的稀缺性造成了天然气发电在非生物资源消耗方面存在巨大劣势,其CADP是煤电的3~3.5倍。     

Early and late selection in unconscious information processing.

In four experiments, we investigated whether masked stimuli in priming experiments are subjected to early or to late selection. In Experiment 1, participants classified four target-pictures as being small or large. In line with early selection accounts, prime-pictures with a different perceptual appearance as the experienced targets did not elicit congruency effect. In Experiment 2, 40 targets all depicting animals were presented. Results were in line with late selections assumptions because novel animal primes but not novel primes from different semantic categories yielded congruency effects. In Experiment 3, the targets were chosen such that there is a second semantic feature that covaried with the required response. Here, novel primes picturing small animals did not influence target responses with regard to the instructed size classification, but with regard to their affiliation to the category animal. In Experiment 4, small and large pictures from two categories were presented. Category match did not influence priming, ruling out that feature overlap contaminated the former results. The results indicate that participants’ prestimulus expectations determine in which stage in the processing-stream masked stimuli are selected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)