Silver–carbon electrocatalyst for air cathodes in alkaline fuel cells

A method for producing electrocatalysts containing silver supported on different carbons was developed. The catalysts were investigated in air (oxygen) diffusion electrodes in alkaline electrolyte (7 M KOH). Depending on the carbon support used, up to a threefold improvement in electrode performance was achieved compared with the activity of the uncatalysed carbon in this media. At ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, a current density of 150 mA/cm^–2 was obtained at electrode potential 1.2 V vs zinc (0.75 vs HE). A correlation between electro catalytic activity and wetted surface area of the electrocatalysts was found.     

Efficient usage of highly dispersed Pt on carbon nanotubes for electrode catalysts of polymer electrolyte fuel cells

A Pt-deposited carbon nanotube (CNT) shows higher performance than a commercial Pt-deposited carbon black (CB) with reducing 60% Pt load per electrode area in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) below 500 mA/cm². K₂PtCl₄ and H₂PtCl₆·6(H₂O) are used for the Pt deposition onto multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), which are produced by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons. The electric power densities produced using the Pt/CNT electrodes are greater than that of the Pt/CB by a factor of two to four on the basis of the Pt load per power. CNTs are thus found to be a good support of Pt particles for PEFC electrodes. TEM images show 2–4-nm Pt nanoparticles dispersed on the CNT surfaces. These high performances are considered to be due to the efficient formation of the triple-phase boundaries of gas–electrode–electrolyte. The mechanisms of Pt deposition are discussed for these Pt-deposited CNTs.     

Preparation of silk fibroin and polyallylamine composites

Composite films made of silk fibroin (SF) and polyallylamine (PAA) are prepared that contain various compositional ratios. These materials are analyzed to elucidate the resulting physical properties and to assess their potential toward advanced applications as industrial materials. The composite films are obtained from a SF and PAA binary system by dry casting from aqueous solution. These composite films exhibit excellent processability such as film forming capabilities, and the elongation at break is increased in the wet state. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of the composites suggest that a mutual interaction takes place between the SF and PAA. This interaction is believed to occur because the endothermic peak, corresponding to the individual polymer, shifts with increasing SF content. The random coil conformation of the SF is present, regardless of the PAA blending, as confirmed by FTIR and DSC measurements. Additionally, living cells from Antheraea pernyi and Bombyx mori insect tissues are shown to grow effectively on the composite films. Maximum growth levels occur when the cultivation flask is coated with the material in SF/PAA ratios of 75:25 to 25:75. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1963–1970, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10491     

三维纺织结构增强复合材料的几何模型

基于对织物断面显微照片的观察和分析，首先建立了三维正交织物的单元结构模型，并以此为基础建立了正交接结织物的单元结构模型；利用几何模型公式推导建立几何结构特征参数与编织工艺参数之间的理论关系；在此基础上计算了纱线长度、接结经与经纱的取向角和纤维体积含量；通过几何极限条件定义了织物紧度，为进一步研究其力学性能奠定基础。     

阴极材料含镧复合氧化物的电催化特性

中温固体氧化物燃料电池的研制是固体氧化物燃料电池商业圈的必然趋势，影响其发展的关键问题之一就是阴极材料的研制。钙钛矿结构稀土复合氧化物材料是最有前途的中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料。本文对钙钛矿结构含镧复合氧化物的电催化机理进行详尽的叙述，并提出了其发展方向。     

微小隐孢子虫CP15/60基因在Hela细胞中的表达

目的 构建隐孢子虫CP15/60真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-15/60,观察其在Hela细胞中的表达。方法用Xho I和EcoR　I从pMD18-T-15/60中酶切得到CP 15/60基因,将其插入真核表达载体pCR3.1（+）的 XhoI和EcoRI位点,构建CP15/60真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-15/60,用脂质体介导法将其转染Hela细胞,并用G418加压筛选,用RT-PCR方法检测外源CP15/60基因的转录,ELISA法和间接免疫荧光法检测其活性。结果 酶切鉴定表明已成功构建了重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-15/60,外源CP15/60基因能在转染细胞中有效转录,经检测表达产物具有良好的生物活性。结论 已成功地构建了pcDNA3.1-15/60真核表达载体,并在Hela细胞中具有良好的表达。     

Transport property measurements in sheared granular flows

Experiments were performed in a shear cell device under four different solid fractions. The glass spheres with a mean diameter of 3 mm were used as granular materials. The motions of the granular materials were recorded by a high-speed camera. By using image processing technology and a particle tracking method, the average and fluctuation velocities in the streamwise and the transverse directions could be successfully measured and analyzed. Three bi-directional stress gages were used to measure the normal and shear stresses along the upper boundary. The effective viscosity of the granular material flow can be calculated. By tracking the movements of particles continually, the curves of the mean-square diffusive displacements versus time were plotted and were used to determine the self-diffusion coefficients from the slopes of the curves. The fluctuations and the self-diffusion coefficients in the streamwise direction were much higher than those in the transverse direction. The fluctuations were found to increase with the solid fraction, but the diffusion coefficients were greater in a more dilute flow system.     

High utilization platinum deposition on single-walled carbon nanotubes as catalysts for direct methanol fuel cell

This research aims to enhance the activity of Pt catalysts, thus to lower the loading of Pt metal in fuel cell. Highly dispersed platinum supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as catalyst was prepared by ion exchange method. The homemade Pt/SWNTs underwent a repetition of ion exchange and reduction process in order to achieve an increase of the metal loading. For comparison, the similar loading of Pt catalyst supported on carbon nanotubes was prepared by borohydride reduction method. The catalysts were characterized by using energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX), transmission electron micrograph (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). Compared with the Pt/SWNTs catalyst prepared by borohydride method, higher Pt utilization was achieved on the SWNTs by ion exchange method. Furthermore, in comparison to the E-TEK 20 wt.% Pt/C catalyst with the support of carbon black, the results from electrochemical measurement indicated that the Pt/SWNTs prepared by ion exchange method displayed a higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation and higher Pt utilization, while no significant increasing in the catalytic activity of the Pt/SWNTs catalyst obtained by borohydride method.     

MnO超微粒子的制备及其对PEMFC电催化性能的研究

用微乳液法合成了 Mn O超微粒子 ,探讨了影响萃取率及粒度的因素 ,得到了最佳反应条件 ,并用透射电子显微镜 (TEM)、X射线衍射仪 (XRD)及红外光谱 (FTIR)进行了表征。得到了粒径为 5 nm左右的 Mn O超微粒子 ,并在质子交换膜燃料电池 (PEMFC)的铂电极中加入 5 nm的Mn O超微粒子作为催化剂 ,改变了电池的放电机理 ,提高了输出电压。为 PEMFC的商品化进行了有价值的探索。     

A study of PtRuO2 catalysts thermally formed on titanium mesh for methanol oxidation

Platinum-based catalysts, for the electro-oxidation of methanol, have been made by thermal decomposition of chloride precursors onto titanium mesh. The catalysed electrodes were successfully operated in acidic methanol electrolytes. Electrochemical characterisation has been carried out using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic polarisations. A complete analysis of the electrochemical results showed that the preliminary performance of the catalysed titanium mesh was comparable to that achieved with carbon-supported PtRu catalysts. The catalysts formed on titanium mesh by thermal decomposition also exhibited dimensional stability. Catalysed titanium mesh therefore appears to be a promising alternative to carbon-supported catalysts for certain fuel cell applications.