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31.
Frédéric Gaschet 《Papers in Regional Science》2002,81(1):63-81
This article examines the relationships between the employment suburbanisation from central cities towards their suburbs,
and the process of intra-urban specialisation that occurred simultaneously in the fifty largest French metropolitan areas.
A methodology is proposed to identify urban subcentres and to analyse the effects of the intra-urban specialisations on suburbanisation
patterns. We conclude that the specialisation of both subcentres and central cities has a significant effect on suburbanisation
rates. Lastly, an intra-metropolitan shift/share analysis provides additional insights into the employment dynamics of central
cities and suburbs during the last twenty years.
Received: 25 July 2000 / Accepted: 29 May 2001 相似文献
32.
A system for person-independent classification of hand postures against complex backgrounds in video images is presented. The system employs elastic graph matching, which has already been successfully applied for object and face recognition. We use the bunch graph technique to model variance in hand posture appearance between different subjects and variance in backgrounds. Our system does not need a separate segmentation stage but closely integrates finding the object boundaries with posture classification. 相似文献
33.
Gokhan Tur 《Machine Learning》2007,69(1):55-74
We propose three methods for extending the Boosting family of classifiers motivated by the real-life problems we have encountered. First, we propose a semisupervised learning method for exploiting the unlabeled data in Boosting. We then present a novel classification model adaptation method. The goal of adaptation is optimizing an existing model for a new target application, which is similar to the previous one but may have different classes or class distributions. Finally, we present an efficient and effective cost-sensitive classification method that extends Boosting to allow for weighted classes. We evaluated these methods for call classification in the AT&;T VoiceTone® spoken language understanding system. Our results indicate that it is possible to obtain the same classification performance by using 30% less labeled data when the unlabeled data is utilized through semisupervised learning. Using model adaptation we can achieve the same classification accuracy using less than half of the labeled data from the new application. Finally, we present significant improvements in the “important” (i.e., higher weighted) classes without a significant loss in overall performance using the proposed cost-sensitive classification method. 相似文献
34.
Finite sample properties of estimators of spatial autoregressive models with autoregressive disturbances 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The article investigates the finite sample properties of estimators for spatial autoregressive models where the disturbance
terms may follow a spatial autoregressive process. In particular we investigate the finite sample behavior of the feasible
generalized spatial two-stage least squares (FGS2SLS) estimator introduced by Kelejian and Prucha (1998), the maximum likelihood
(ML) estimator, as well as that of several other estimators. We find that the FGS2SLS estimator is virtually as efficient
as the ML estimator. This is important because the ML estimator is computationally burdensome, and may even be forbidding
in large samples, while the FGS2SLS estimator remains computationally feasible in large samples.
Received: 20 January 2001 / Accepted: 31 August 2001 相似文献
35.
Riikka Susitaival Ilmari Juva Markus Peuhkuri Samuli Aalto 《Telecommunication Systems》2006,33(1-3):67-88
In this paper we analyze measurements gathered from a 2.5~Gbps link in the Finnish university network (Funet) in 2004. The
traffic is broken down into origin-destination (OD) pair components based on source and destination IP address. We study the
traffic characteristics of these components, and identify four typical representative OD pairs. For these pairs we investigate
the validity of a moving IID Gaussian model. We find that the statistical properties of these OD pairs differ significantly
from each other, with only some of them close to Gaussian. The OD pairs are also found to have some cross-correlation between
each other, contradicting an often made assumption about OD pair independence. Furthermore, the existence of a mean-variance
relation between the OD pairs is studied. We find that there is a relation between mean and variance, but for some periods
of time it is rather weak. 相似文献
36.
37.
裂缝性油气藏采收率:100个裂缝性油气田实例的经验总结 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
通过对世界上100个裂缝性油气藏的综合评价,研究储集层及流体本身的性质(包括孔隙度、渗透率、黏度、可动油比例、含水饱和度、润湿性及裂缝分布特征等)和驱动机制及油藏管理战略(优化日产量和采用不同类型的提高采收率技术)对其最终采收率的影响。将裂缝性油气藏分为4类:I类的基质几乎没有孔隙度和渗透率,裂缝是储存空间和流体流动的通道;Ⅱ类的基质有较低的孔隙度和渗透率,基质提供储存空间,裂缝提供流动通道;Ⅲ类(微孔隙)的基质具有高孔隙度和低渗透率,基质提供储存空间,裂缝提供流动通道;Ⅳ类(大孔隙)的基质具有高的孔隙度和渗透率,基质提供储存空间和流动通道,裂缝仅增加渗透率。对26个Ⅱ类油气藏和20个Ⅲ类油气藏的开采历史的研究表明:Ⅱ类油气藏的采收率受水驱强度和最优日产量控制,日产量过高会很容易破坏Ⅱ类油气藏,一些Ⅱ类油气藏如果管理得当,采收率可以很高,不需要二次或三次采油;Ⅲ类油气藏的采收率主要受岩石和流体本身性质的影响,特别是基质渗透率、流体重度、润湿性以及裂缝强度等,不进行二次或三次采油不可能完全开采,往往需要采用一些提高采收率的专门技术。以往将Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类裂缝性油气藏归为一类,认识它们的区别将有助于选择更好的开发策略。 相似文献
38.
Youngjoong Ko Sooyong Park Jungyun Seo Soonhwang Choi 《Information and Software Technology》2007,49(11-12):1128-1140
In order to efficiently develop large-scale and complicated software, it is important for system engineers to correctly understand users’ requirements. Most requirements in large-scale projects are collected from various stakeholders located in various regions, and they are generally written in natural language. Therefore, the initial collected requirements must be classified into various topics prior to analysis phases in order to be usable as input in several requirements analysis methods. If this classification process is manually done by analysts, it becomes a time-consuming task. To solve this problem, we propose a new bootstrapping method which can automatically classify requirements sentences into each topic category using only topic words as the representative of the analysts’ views. The proposed method is verified through experiments using two requirements data sets: one written in English and the other in Korean. The significant performances were achieved in the experiments: the 84.28 and 87.91 F1 scores for the English and Korean data sets, respectively. As a result, the proposed method can provide an effective function for an Internet-based requirements analysis-supporting system so as to efficiently gather and analyze requirements from various and distributed stakeholders by using the Internet. 相似文献
39.
把由非谐振环和凸面全反射镜构成的自滤波非稳腔应用于撞脉冲锁模Nd:YAG激光器,改善了光束的空间质量和输出稳定性,获得发散角为2倍衍射极限,能量50mJ,脉宽10ps的锁模脉冲,并与未加滤波小孔的CPM非稳腔的输出性能进行实验比较。, 相似文献
40.
In this paper, a sensor system, called a fuzzy pulse discriminator, is developed to classify various discharge pulses in electrical discharge machining (EDM). The fuzzy rules of the pulse discriminator are obtained based on the features of the gap voltage and gap current between the tool workpiece. The membership functions of the fuzzy pulse discriminator are automatically synthesized by using genetic algorithms. The effectiveness of this approach is verified under different cutting parameters. 相似文献