Spatial and temporal variability of macrophyte cover and productivity in the eastern Amazon floodplain: A remote sensing approach

Herbaceous aquatic macrophytes cover extensive areas on the floodplains of the Amazon basin and are an important habitat and input of organic carbon. These communities have large intra- and inter-annual variability, and characterization of this variability is necessary to quantify the role of macrophytes in the ecology and biogeochemistry of the floodplain. A novel approach for mapping the temporal evolution of aquatic vegetation in the Amazon floodplain, which could be adapted to other spatially and temporally changing environments, is presented. Macrophyte cover varied seasonally and inter-annually, ranging between 104 and 198 km² for the floodplain examined (total area, 984 km²). The observed evolution of plant distribution indicated a spatial and temporal partition of macrophyte communities into short-lived and annual groups. A simulation of macrophyte net primary production (NPP) based on the mapping results indicated that at least 3% of NPP could be attributed to the short-lived communities. The present results suggest that significant changes in the macrophyte's contribution to carbon cycling in the Amazon floodplain could occur as a result of the predicted increase in frequency of drought years for the Amazon system due to climate change.     

Use of high-resolution satellite imagery in an integrated model to predict the distribution of shade coffee tree hybrid zones

In New Caledonia (21°S, 165°E), shade-grown coffee plantations were abandoned for economic reasons in the middle of the 20th century. Coffee species (Coffea arabica, C. canephora and C. liberica) were introduced from Africa in the late 19th century, they survived in the wild and spontaneously cross-hybridized. Coffee species were originally planted in native forest in association with leguminous trees (mostly introduced species) to improve their growth. Thus the canopy cover over rustic shade coffee plantations is heterogeneous with a majority of large crowns, attributed to leguminous trees. The aim of this study was to identify suitable areas for coffee inter-specific hybridization in New Caledonia using field based environmental parameters and remotely sensed predictors. Due to the complex structure of tropical vegetation, remote sensing imagery needs to be spatially accurate and to have the appropriate bands for monitoring vegetation cover. Quickbird panchromatic (black and white) imagery at 0.6 to 0.7 m spatial resolutions and multispectral imagery at 2.4 m spatial resolution were pansharpened and used for this study. The two most suitable remotely sensed indicators, canopy heterogeneity and tree crown size, were acquired by the sequential use of tree crown detection (neural network), image processing (such as textural analysis) and classification. All models were supervised and trained on learning data determined by human expertise. The final model has two remotely sensed indicators and three physical parameters based on the Digital Elevation Model: elevation, slope and water flow accumulation. Using these five predictive variables as inputs, two modelling methods, a decision tree and a neural network, were implemented. The decision tree, which showed 96.9% accuracy on the test set, revealed the involvement of ecological parameters in the hybridization of Coffea species. We showed that hybrid zones could be characterized by combinations of modalities, underlining the complexity of the environment concerned. For instance, forest heterogeneity and large crown size, steep slopes (> 53.5%) and elevation between 194 and 429 m asl, are favourable factors for Coffea inter-specific hybridization. The application of the neural network on the whole area gave a predictive map that distinguished the most suitable areas by means of a nonlinear continuous indicator. The map provides a confidence level for each area. The most favourable areas were geographically localized, providing a clue for the detection and conservation of favourable areas for Coffea species neo-diversity.     

Integrating intermediate inputs from partially classified images within a hybrid classification framework: An impervious surface estimation example

With the constant proliferation of computational power, our ability to develop hybrid classifiers has improved. Hybrid classifiers integrate results from multiple algorithms and often improve classification accuracy. In this paper, a hybrid classification framework was used to evaluate two research hypotheses: i) can manipulated results from prior classifiers (“intermediate inputs” (IIs)) improve classification accuracy in subsequent classification steps. and ii) is there an optimal dataset proportion for creation and usage of intermediate inputs. These additional intermediate inputs were based on spatial and texture statistics calculated on a partially classified image. The implementation of intermediate inputs on an impervious surface classification task using a 2001 Landsat ETM+ image from central New York was demonstrated. The results suggested that there was an average accuracy improvement of 3.6% (maximum 6.6%) by using intermediate inputs. These improvements were proved statistically significant by a Z-test and tended to increase as classification difficulty increased. The experiments in this paper also showed that there was an optimal point that balanced the number of pixels and pixel classification accuracy from prior steps used to produce intermediate inputs. Additionally, some traditional problems such as separation of impervious surfaces and soil were successfully tackled through intermediate inputs. The concept of the intermediate inputs may easily apply to other sensors and/or ground features.     

简化的SIFT算法在双目立体视觉中的应用

图像均匀匹配是双目立体视觉领域研究的重点。本文用SIFT特征匹配算法处理立体匹配,并利用构造圆环形窗口以及12维向量表示一个特征点的方法,既保持SIFT算法的尺度不变性,又有效降低了算法的复杂度,提高了算法实时性。     

基于人工神经网络的智能设计系统研究与实现

针对轴对称的拉深零件的设计,引入了特征编码文件概念,将零件特征以特征编码的形式表示出来。为了实现过程状态模型的智能输出,运用人工神经网络实现自动推理的功能;通过智能推理系统,除去了经验化设计中的不断摸索和改进,将零件的特征造型输入之后,系统能够自动确定零件的工艺流程,进而实现自动化生产。系统能够帮助开发和设计人员迅速的产生设计实例,使开发人员能够更专注于产品的创新活动,对于提高企业的产品设计和研发能力有着重要的实际意义。     

基于RBF神经网络的Web文本分类的研究

Web文本分类是采用文本分类技术将Web上的信息进行自动分类,使用户能够快速找到自己想要的资源。文本分类的过程中,将特征提取之后的来自Web的数据分成样本数据集和测试数据集,将样本数据集输入到RBF网络中进行训练,RBF网络经过训练之后,输入测试数据集中的数据进行验证,实验证明,RBF网络取得了较好的分类结果。     

Series feature aggregation for content-based image retrieval

Feature aggregation is a critical technique in content-based image retrieval (CBIR) systems that employs multiple visual features to characterize image content. Most previous feature aggregation schemes apply parallel topology, e.g., the linear combination scheme, which suffer from two problems. First, the function of individual visual feature is limited since the ranks of the retrieved images are determined only by the combined similarity. Second, the irrelevant images seriously affect the retrieval performance of feature aggregation scheme since all images in a collection will be ranked. To address these problems, we propose a new feature aggregation scheme, series feature aggregation (SFA). SFA selects relevant images using visual features one by one in series from the images highly ranked by the previous visual feature. The irrelevant images will be effectively filtered out by individual visual features in each stage, and the remaining images are collectively described by all visual features. Experiments, conducted with IAPR TC-12 benchmark image collection (ImageCLEF2006) that contains over 20,000 photographic images and defined queries, have shown that the proposed SFA can outperform conventional parallel feature aggregation schemes.     

特征权重优化高分辨率遥感影像模糊分类研究

在针对SPOT5等高分辨率遥感影像的面向对象模糊分类过程中,一般对影像对象的特征赋予相同的权重。为了体现不同特征对分类作用的差异,本文在分类时根据特征的重要与否,对参与分类的特征赋予不同的权重,提高重要的、区分度好的特征的权重,降低次要特征的权重。以北京市昌平区的SPOT5影像为例,利用多特征模糊分类和经过权重优化的多特征模糊分类进行分类对比实验。实验结果表明,经过特征权重优化的分类与权重相同的分类结果相比,分类总精度由原来的86.3%提高到了92.6%,Kappa系数由原来的0.8096提高到了0.8947。结果表明,经过权重优化的多特征模糊分类有助于提高模糊分类法的分类精度和适用性。     

基于粗糙集的决策树构造算法

针对ID3算法构造决策树复杂、分类效率不高问题,基于粗糙集理论提出一种决策树构造算法。该算法采用加权分类粗糙度作为节点选择属性的启发函数,与信息增益相比,能全面地刻画属性分类的综合贡献能力,并且计算简单。为消除噪声对选择属性和生成叶节点的影响,利用变精度粗糙集模型对该算法进行优化。实验结果表明,该算法构造的决策树在规模与分类效率上均优于ID3算法。     

基于指纹的数字信息加密算法

根据密钥产生和管理过程的复杂性,为增强数字信息安全性,提出一种基于指纹的数字信息加密算法。该算法利用指纹的唯一性和稳定性,将指纹特征矩阵作为密钥。解码时,根据指纹匹配后得到的特征矩阵和密文,对秘密信息进行恢复。实验结果表明,该算法借助指纹识别的安全性增强了密钥安全性,简化了密钥管理,其二值矩阵运算效率很高,便于硬件实现。