Implications of standard states and ideal solution in terms of Raoult's law

Traditionally, Raoult's law has always been considered to describe the vapor-liquid equilibrium of ideal solutions. This treatment not only is awkward but also is not in complete agreement with the definition of an ideal solution in the sense of the Lewis-Randall rule. In this study, the characteristics of a model system of Raoult's law are analyzed. The analysis is based on the application of the Lewis-Randall rule in which the actual states of the pure components are used as the standard states. It is shown that, in the region where vapor-liquid equilibrium exists, neither the vapor nor the liquid is an ideal solution in the strict sense of the Lewis-Randall rule.     

基于协商对策的群决策模型及其在跨流域调水方案优选中的应用

本文分析了调水方案决策的多目标性、群决策性特点，研究基于“满意原则”的多人多目标决策模型。重点针对决策者利益的有限冲突性，提出基于协商对策的多人多目标决策模型，并以辽宁省“引细入汤”工程方案决策为例，构筑了由冲突双方和仲裁方组成的三方仲裁局势，并详细阐述模型的求解过程。该模型在满足公平性原则前提下，兼顾了冲突双方及整体利益，具有较强的可操作性和实用性，可以为解决类似的决策问题提供一定参考。     

Rheological behaviour of acorn starch dispersions: effects of concentration and temperature

Rheological properties of acorn starch dispersions at different concentrations (4%, 5%, 6% and 7%) were evaluated under steady and dynamic shear conditions. The flow behaviours of the acorn starch dispersions at different temperatures (25, 40, 55 and 70 °C) were determined from the rheological parameters provided by the power law model. The acorn starch dispersions at 25 °C exhibited high shear-thinning fluid characteristics ( n  = 0.23–0.36). Consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity (η_a,100) increased with an increase in starch concentration, and were also reduced with increasing temperature. Within the temperature range of 25–70 °C, the η_a,100 obeyed the Arrhenius temperature relationship with a high determination coefficient ( R ² = 0.97–0.99), with activation energies (E_a) ranging between 16.5 and 19.0 kJ mol⁻¹. Both the power law and exponential type models were employed in order to establish the relationship between concentration and apparent viscosity (η_a,100) in the temperature range of 25–70 °C. Magnitudes of storage ( G' ) and loss ( G ") moduli increased with an increase in the starch concentration and frequency (ω). The magnitudes of G ' were higher than those of G " over most of the frequency range (0.63–62.8 rad s⁻¹). The dynamic (η*) and steady shear (η_a) viscosities of acorn starch dispersion at 7% concentration follow the Cox–Merz superposition rule.     

基于粗糙数据推理的TextRank关键词提取算法

基于图模型的TextRank算法是一种有效的关键词提取算法,在提取关键词时可取得较高准确度。但该算法在构造图的关联边时,所采用的共现窗口规则仅考虑了局部词汇间的关联,并具有较大随意性与不确定性。针对这一问题,该文提出了一种基于粗糙数据推理理论的改进TextRank关键词提取算法,粗糙数据推理可扩大关联范围,增加关联数据,得到的结果更加全面。结合粗糙数据推理理论中的关联规则,该文提出的算法做了以下改进: 依据词义对候选关键词进行划分;再通过粗糙数据推理对不同分类中候选词间的关联关系进行推理。实验结果表明,与传统的TextRank算法相比,改进后算法的提取精度有了明显的提高,证明了利用粗糙数据推理的思想能有效地改善算法提取关键词的性能。     

A Propagation Rule for Linear Codes

We establish a general theorem which, given an arbitrary linear code, generates a family of linear codes of larger lengths and higher dimensions. The proof is based on a representation of the given linear code as a (generalized) algebraic-geometry code. Examples yielding many optimal linear codes document the power of this theorem. Received: July 5, 1999     

Classification and rule induction using rough set theory

Rough set theory (RST) offers an interesting and novel approach both to the generation of rules for use in expert systems and to the traditional statistical task of classification. The method is based on a novel classification metric, implemented as upper and lower approximations of a set and more generally in terms of positive, negative and boundary regions. Classification accuracy, which may be set by the decision maker, is measured in terms of conditional probabilities for equivalence classes, and the method involves a search for subsets of attributes (called 'reducts') which do not require a loss of classification quality. To illustrate the technique, RST is employed within a state level comparison of education expenditure in the USA.     

棒材倍尺飞剪的控制与优化

对棒材生产线上倍尺飞剪系统配置及控制方法进行分析，并对优化剪切提出解决方案，提高了倍尺飞剪的剪切精度。     

关于产生式系统的性能研究工作综述

产生式系统在人工智能领域占有很重要的位置，但由于其计算代价高，速度慢，从而限制了它被更广泛地接受。针对这个问题，已经做了许多工作以提高产生式系统的性能。文章概述了为此目的而进行的研究工作，最后就今后的研究方向提出了作者的观点。     

基于框架式规则的水轮机组故障诊断专家系统研究

为提高专家系统大容量知识的存储、组织、管理和使用效率，提出了框架式诊断规则的概念；以VC＋＋为开发工具和基于ADO数据库访问技术的诊断推理方法，建立了水轮机组故障诊断专家系统，工程应用实例表明：该系统具有构造简单，诊断效率高的优点。     

The problem of choosing the representation,inference rule,and strategy

This article is the nineteenth of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find guidelines for simultaneously choosing the most effective representation, inference rule, and strategy. Since the three areas are tightly coupled, formulation of such guidelines requires understanding the precise nature of this coupling. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we suggest possible test problems from group theory, Gödel's finite axiomatization of set theory, and program verification.This work was supported by the Applied Mathematical Sciences subprogram of the Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38.