近代视角下的田园城市理论研究

民国时期,中国的市政学者对霍华德的田园城市理论进行了积极地引介和宣传,认为在中国进行田园城市的建设实践有重要的意义,并提出了一系列的实施计划,他们的市政理念也受到了明显的影响.然而,他们未能真正理解霍华德田园城市理论的思想精髓,忽略了当时中国的社会实际情况,而要进行田园城市建设的理想更是无法实现.     

An Improved Algorithm for Identifying Objects in Code

The identification of abstractions within existing software systems is an important problem to be solved to facilitate program comprehension and the construction of a set of reusable artifacts. In particular, of interest is the identification of object-like features in procedural programs. Existing techniques and algorithms achieve some level of success but do not, in general, always precisely identify a coherent set of objects. The identified objects tend to contain spurious methods that are only tenuously related to the object and require a great deal of human effort and understanding to unravel. This paper presents an improved algorithm that overcomes these drawbacks and enables the precise identification of objects with less human intervention and understanding by exploiting simple statistical techniques. The algorithm is applied to several sample programs and the results are compared with existing algorithms. Finally, the application of the algorithm to a real medium-size system is described and discussed. The algorithm was developed as part of the RE² project in which the identification of object-like features in existing systems is the basis for a re-engineering process aimed at populating a repository of reusable assets.     

MRC-PBM: 一种中文电子病历嵌套命名 实体识别方法

中文电子病历实体包含大量的医学领域词汇并具有明显的嵌套特征。嵌套实体识别时往往存在目标实体定位不完整、不准确的问题。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于机器阅读理解的中文电子病历嵌套命名实体识别模型MRC-PBM (machine reading comprehension-position information biaffine and MLP)。该模型将命名实体识别(named entity recognition, NER)转化为机器阅读理解任务,将中文电子病历文本和预定义的查询语句串联作为输入,使用基于医学的预训练模型MC＿BERT获取词向量,然后通过双向长短期记忆网络模型(BiLSTM)和多粒度扩张卷积模型分别获取双向的特征信息以及单词之间的信息,得到相应的特征向量,最后使用Hybrid-PBM预测器进行实体预测。在嵌套和平面NER数据集上进行实验。实验表明,该模型在糖尿病语料和公开医学数据集上优于其他主流神经网络模型,F1值比基线模型提高了1.21%～5.80%。     

建筑师成长与建筑设计市场变化之间的关系之思考

把中国建筑设计市场的变化和中国本土建筑师的成长联系起来,从哲学的角度去思考其中的内在关系,积极介入并了解建筑设计市场这一复杂系统与建筑师的主体性问题、创新理论的宏观指导性、市场全球化趋势下的中国建筑市场以及建筑创作的本土化定位等问题.本文尝试在综合理解马克思主义哲学的基础上,对中国建筑设计市场和建筑师的培养和成长之间关系进行理性的思考.     

如何在大学英语听力教学中合理运用英语歌曲赏析

运用歌曲和音乐是进行语言教学的方法之一,它不仅可以激发学生的学习兴趣,由被动地听转化为主动地听,从而提高学生的听力水平,而且可以增强语感和语言文化的熏陶。大学英语听力课程的教师应该在课堂上积极合理地运用好英语歌曲赏析这种手段来达到良好的训练和教学效果。     

基于自适应知识选择的机器阅读理解

目前针对知识增强机器阅读理解的研究主要集中在如何把外部知识融入现有的机器阅读理解模型,却忽略了对外部知识的来源进行选择。该文首先基于注意力机制对外部知识进行编码,然后对不同来源的外部知识编码进行打分,最后自适应地选择出对回答问题最有帮助的知识。与基线模型相比,该文提出的基于自适应知识选择的机器阅读理解模型在准确率上提高了1.2个百分点。     

显式融合词法和句法特征的抽取式机器阅读理解模型

预训练语言模型虽然能够为每个词提供优良的上下文表示特征,但却无法显式地给出词法和句法特征,而这些特征往往是理解整体语义的基础.鉴于此,本文通过显式地引入词法和句法特征,探究其对于预训练模型阅读理解能力的影响.首先,本文选用了词性标注和命名实体识别来提供词法特征,使用依存分析来提供句法特征,将二者与预训练模型输出的上下文表示相融合.随后,我们设计了基于注意力机制的自适应特征融合方法来融合不同类型特征.在抽取式机器阅读理解数据集CMRC2018上的实验表明,本文方法以极低的算力成本,利用显式引入的词法和句法等语言特征帮助模型在F₁和EM指标上分别取得0.37%和1.56%的提升.     

Response latencies in auditory sentence comprehension: Effects of linguistic versus perceptual challenge.

Older adults with good hearing and with mild-to-moderate hearing loss were tested for comprehension of spoken sentences that required perceptual effort (hearing speech at lower sound levels), and two degrees of cognitive load (sentences with simpler or more complex syntax). Although comprehension accuracy was equivalent for both participant groups and for young adults with good hearing, hearing loss was associated with longer response latencies to the correct comprehension judgments, especially for complex sentences heard at relatively low amplitudes. These findings demonstrate the need to take into account both sensory and cognitive demands of speech materials in older adults' language comprehension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Aging and inhibition processes: The case of metaphor treatment.

The inhibitory deficit hypothesis has often been cited as a possible explanation for cognitive changes related to age. The aim of this study was to develop a new procedure for evaluating effortful inhibition on the basis of the comprehension of metaphors. Our experiment was carried out on younger and older adults, in whom we also measured inhibitory capacity, working memory, and processing speed. The results show that older participants required a longer time and made more frequent errors in rejecting metaphors versus literally false statements. The interference effect was predicted by the psychometric tests designed to evaluate inhibition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Still no phonological typicality effect on word reading time (and no good explanation of one, either): A rejoinder to Farmer, Monaghan, Misyak, and Christiansen.

In this brief rejoinder, we respond to Farmer, Monaghan, Misyak, and Christiansen (2011). We argue that the data still do not support the claim that reading time is affected by the phonological typicality of a word for its part of speech. We also question Farmer et al.'s claim that interleaving syntactic structures in an experiment modifies grammatically based syntactic expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)