Effects of timing of formative feedback in computer-assisted learning environments

This study examines the effects of timing of corrective formative feedback on processing text information on question-answering. Undergraduate students read an expository text and answered questions in two attempts. Students were randomly assigned to a no feedback, immediate feedback and delayed feedback conditions. Students in the feedback conditions received feedback on the correctness of their answer after the first attempt and were informed about the right answer after the second attempt. Students were prompted to restudy the text after failing in their first attempt. However, students in the no feedback condition were just prompted to search the text. All students were tested on question-answering, corrective probability and a post-test cued-recall test. Results showed that: (a) feedback reduced the initial time reading the text; (b) feedback increased performance on question answering and cued-recall; (c) delayed feedback produced no advantages over immediate feedback. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

一种基于模糊形式概念分析的程序聚类方法

程序聚类通过将与同一个需求或设计元素相关的代码单元聚集在一起来辅助程序理解及系统结构分析.其中,形式概念分析(FCA)是一类被广泛采用的程序聚类技术.然而现有基于FCA的程序聚类方法都是基于二值属性构建的,无法处理模糊信息.提出将模糊概念分析用于基于文本分析的程序聚类,提出了一种支持模糊信息的程序聚类方法.该方法包括模糊属性的采集过程以及相应的模糊概念格的构造算法.在此基础上,开发了一个半自动化的程序分析工具,并将其应用到一个商业软件分析中.初步的实验结果表明该方法能够有效地支持基于模糊特征的程序聚类,对于提高遗留系统的维护效率有明显的帮助.     

操作系统安全机制复合行为模型掘取技术研究*

以信息安全理论和软件逆向工程技术为依托,研究了操作系统安全机制复合行为模型掘取技术及其实现方法和技术路线。通过结合操作系统的多尺度软件逆向理解技术,对操作系统安全机制的相关程序进行逆向分析、模型掘取和形式化描述,从而发现潜在漏洞、后门、隐通道等操作系统高层安全机制存在的安全问题,为实施修补、反制及利用等相应安全措施提供有力依据。在该技术基础上实现了一套原型系统,实验验证该系统的程序理解和模型掘取结果满足要求。     

基于语言计算方法的语言认知实验综述

人脑对语言的理解过程十分复杂,涉及多个脑网络和加工机制。以往的工作大多采用严格控制的实验设计,针对特定的语言现象展开研究,导致了研究结论趋于碎片化,无法形成关于大脑语言理解的总体结论。另一方面,深度学习的出现引发了语言计算领域的技术变革,语言计算模型在多个任务上达到甚至超越了人类的水平。这为进行全局性、高生态效度的人脑语言理解实验带来可能性,促进了语言认知实验中引入语言计算模型方法的快速发展。那么,利用新兴的语言计算方法可以为大脑语言认知机理的研究带来哪些新的机遇和启发呢？该文归纳总结了利用语言计算方法进行语言认知实验的相关工作,并对未来发展趋势予以展望。     

ArchaeoSTOR: A data curation system for research on the archeological frontier

The broad adoption of diagnostic and analytical techniques in the field of archeology, presents a unique opportunity for e-Science in the form of scientific explanation, drawing from methodologies aimed at recording, archiving, analyzing, and disseminating, rich data collections to create the needed infrastructure for both research and web-based curation and data management system. This paper presents a needed stepping stone towards synergy between information technology and archeology, by introducing a data acquisition, tagging and characterization pipeline along with a novel method for spatially querying archeological data.     

Resilient readers? University students who are poor recoders but sometimes good text comprehenders.

The authors screened 194 university students to determine whether some could comprehend text well despite very poor recoding skills, measured by pseudoword reading. Most of the 17 poorest recoders had never been identified as reading disabled. We classified 6 poor recoders as "resilient readers" because their text comprehension scores were average or above, relative to the sample as a whole. They were indistinguishable from 6 matched typical readers on measures of text comprehension derived from oral-reading think-aloud protocols. There was no evidence that the resilient readers relied on superior verbal ability or working memory to compensate for poor recoding. The resilient readers were poor at spelling, reading isolated words, and reading text rapidly, but they showed adequate phonemic awareness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An Initial Experimental Assessment of the Dynamic Modelling in UML

The goal of this empirical study is to compare the semantic comprehension of three different notations for representing the dynamic behaviour in unified modelling language (UML): (a) sequence diagrams, (b) collaboration diagrams, and (c) state diagrams. Eighteen students of Informatics analysed the three types of diagrams within three different application domains. We performed a 3 × 3 factorial experimental design with repeated measures. The metrics collected were total time and total score. The main conclusion of this study is that the comprehension of the dynamic modelling in object-oriented designs depends on the diagram type and on the complexity of the document. The software project design written in the UML notation is more comprehensible, when the dynamic behaviour is modelled in a sequence diagram. While if it is implemented using a collaboration diagram, the design turns out to be less comprehensible as the application domain, and consequently, the document is more complex.     

Development of children's understanding of the metalinguistic term word..

Designed 3 experiments to assess 24 preschool (mean age 64.63 mo), 24 1st-grade (mean age 76.25 mo), and 24 2nd grade (mean age 88.61 mo) children's understanding of the term word. A modified aural discrimination task was used in which Ss were required to discriminate word from nonword stimuli along only 1 dimension at a time. Exp I tested Ss' discrimination of words and sounds. Exp II examined word–phrase differentiation. Both of these experiments followed previous research in examining children's comprehension of the term word in relation to nouns. Exp III examined Ss' understanding of word with stimuli from a variety of form classes. Results indicate that Ss' word concepts have been underestimated in past research suggesting that young children lack an adequate word concept: although preschool Ss did not understand the term properly, by 1st grade word was understood. These experiments also show that Ss benefited from brief training in which they were taught to attach the metalinguistic label word to their developing concept of the word as a unit of spoken language. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Yesterday and tomorrow: Development of early understanding of the terms.

Data from 90 2-, 3-, and 4-yr-old children indicate that there is a differential pattern of comprehension of the terms "yesterday" and "tomorrow" among the 3 age groups. Findings also suggest that the Ss learned the terms in an asymmetrical manner, with "yesterday" being understood as having 2 referential aspects (i.e., a time other than this day and past time) and "tomorrow" being understood only in terms of future reference. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships of three components of reading fluency to reading comprehension.

This study examined the relationships of 3 levels of reading fluency--the individual word, the syntactic unit, and the whole passage--to reading comprehension among 278 5th graders heterogeneous in reading ability. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that reading fluency at each level related uniquely to performance on a standardized reading comprehension test in a model including inferencing skill and background knowledge. The study supports an automaticity effect for word recognition speed and an automaticity-like effect related to syntactic processing skill. In addition, hierarchical regressions using longitudinal data suggest that fluency and reading comprehension have a bidirectional relationship. The discussion emphasizes the theoretical expansion of reading fluency to 3 levels of cognitive processes and the relations of these processes to reading comprehension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)