论绿色化学清洗

本文界定了绿色化学清洗的概念,对绿色阻垢剂、绿色清洗剂、绿色缓蚀剂和废液处理等进行了全面综述,讨论了绿色化学清洗的实施和评价.     

基于 Monte Carlo 的淡水产品中硫丹及其代谢物的风险评估

目的 开展淡水产品中硫丹及其代谢物的定量风险评估研究, 量化居民通过食用淡水产品途径摄入硫丹及其代谢物的风险水平。方法 应用基于Monte Carlo模拟的@risk5.7软件, 选择风险商表征, 描述食用淡水产品途径摄入硫丹及其代谢物的膳食风险。结果 普通居民通过食用淡水产品途径摄入硫丹及其代谢物的风险商平均值以及各百分位数风险商均小于1, 且特殊人群高于普通人群, 其中婴幼儿、儿童、青少年通过食用淡水产品途径摄入硫丹及其代谢物的风险商平均值以及各百分位数风险商是普通居民的2倍。结论 居民仅通过食用淡水产品途径摄入硫丹及其代谢物的膳食暴露并不存在健康风险, 但仍需要加强对环境中硫丹及其代谢物的监控, 从而进一步降低居民通过食用淡水产品途径摄入硫丹及其代谢物的膳食风险水平。     

模糊数学在HACCP认证有效性评价中的应用

目的解决HACCP体系认证有效性评价问题。方法根据认证有效性评价要素的特点,选择合理的评价因子,采用模糊综合分析法建立模型,对认证有效性的质量进行综合量化评价,并以实例验证模型与方法的可行性。结果模糊综合评价法可以对企业HACCP体系认证有效性进行准确的定量评价。结论可以运用模糊数学定量方法对认证有效性进行评判,进一步规范认证活动。     

冷却猪肉中气单胞菌暴露评估的不确定性和变异性

探讨冷却猪肉中气单胞菌暴露评估是否区分不确定性和变异性对结果的影响,并基于前期评估结果,对冷却猪肉中气单胞菌从销售到食用前阶段的增殖情况通过点估计和概率分布估计两种方法来实现。结果表明：点估计可能低估食用风险,概率分布考虑了输入量的各种可能性,推测结果更符合实际情况;同时,以符合正态分布的家庭贮藏温度为例修正参数设置,考虑全为不确定性,部分不确定性、部分变异性,全为变异性3 种可能情况,得到区分不确定性和变异性后的风险概率由不区分前的22.1%降为20.2%,全为变异性的概率仅为11.0%,从方法论角度探讨不同方法获得的风险差异,为后续定量风险评估提高精确性和可靠性提供理论参考。     

食品中反式脂肪酸的风险评价

根据风险评价理论,从反式脂肪酸来源、吸收代谢方式、对人体健康的危害及中国居民膳食调查和各种食品中反式脂肪酸暴露水平,推算出现在中国居民反式脂肪酸暴露量低于安全摄入剂量,表明中国食品中反式脂肪酸风险尚属可接受范围;最后从降低食物中反式脂肪酸、建立反式脂肪酸的标签制度及实施限量标准两方面提出了风险管理措施。     

纺织品及服装的工业水足迹核算与评价

为在纺织工业中引入水足迹理论,加强纺织品及服装生产中的水资源管理,阐述了纺织品、服装的工业水足迹的概念,重点分析讨论了纺织品与服装工业水足迹核算和评价中的核算边界、核算方法、数据拆分原则和结果评价基准等关键问题。结合纺织品及服装生产加工工艺、耗水和产污排污特点认为：纺织品及服装工业水足迹的核算需明确时间边界和空间边界,并重点关注直接工业水足迹的核算;废水回用可有效减小工业蓝水足迹,初始工业灰水足迹能直观反映工业废水的水环境负荷;基于产量和产值的整体数据合理拆分可提高核算结果的准确度;工业水足迹的内部评价对减少单类产品的水耗和产污量更有指导意义。     

Zero Risk Does Not Exist: Lessons Learned from Microbial Risk Assessment Related to Use of Water and Safety of Fresh Produce

Risk assessments related to use of water and safety of fresh produce originate from both water and food microbiology studies. Although the set‐up and methodology of risk assessment in these 2 disciplines may differ, analysis of the current literature reveals some common outcomes. Most of these studies from the water perspective focus on enteric virus risks, largely because of their anticipated high concentrations in untreated wastewater and their resistance to common wastewater treatments. Risk assessment studies from the food perspective, instead, focus mainly on bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Few site‐specific data points were available for most of these microbial risk assessments, meaning that many assumptions were necessary, which are repeated in many studies. Specific parameters lacking hard data included rates of pathogen transfer from irrigation water to crops, pathogen penetration, and survival in or on food crops. Data on these factors have been investigated over the last decade and this should improve the reliability of future microbial risk estimates. However, the sheer number of different foodstuffs and pathogens, combined with water sources and irrigation practices, means that developing risk models that can span the breadth of fresh produce safety will be a considerable challenge. The new approach using microbial risk assessment is objective and evidence‐based and leads to more flexibility and enables more tailored risk management practices and guidelines. Drawbacks are, however, capacity and knowledge to perform the microbial risk assessment and the need for data and preferably data of the specific region.     

Bearing performance degradation assessment based on lifting wavelet packet decomposition and fuzzy c-means

Bearing performance degradation assessment is crucial to realize condition-based maintenance. In this paper, a new method for it is proposed based on lifting wavelet packet decomposition and fuzzy c-means. Feature vectors are composed of the node energies of lifting wavelet packet decomposition. Normal and final failure data are used as training samples to build assessment model utilizing fuzzy c-means, and the subjection of tested data to normal state is defined as the degradation indicator, which has intuitionistics explanation related to degradation degree. Results of its application to accelerated bearing life test show that this indicator can reflect effectively performance degradation of bearing. And after discussing the influence of outliers in training set, a robust strategy is proposed.     

碳中和背景下配电网差异化节能降耗潜力评估分

为了提高配电网差异化节能降耗效果,解决现有潜力评估方法存在的应用性能差的问题,提出碳中和背景下配电网差异化节能降耗潜力优化评估方法。根据配电网的空间结构,构建相应的等值电路模型。在该模型下,从设备损耗和运行附加损耗2个方面计算配电网的损耗量。根据损耗量计算结果,确定配电网差异化碳中和节能降耗方式。从静态和动态2个角度设置潜力评估指标,通过指标数据处理、指标权重求解等步骤,得出配电网差异化节能降耗潜力的综合量化评估结果。将设计潜力评估方法应用到配电网的差异化节能降耗改造工作中,能够有效降低配电网的实际线损量、降低区域损耗费用,并具有较高的应用价值。     

云南省部分食品黄曲霉毒素B1膳食暴露风险评估

目的评估云南省部分食品中黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxinB1,AFB1)膳食暴露风险。方法结合2012～2017年云南省部分地区市售大米及其制品、玉米及其制品等6类主要食品的黄曲霉毒素B1含量数据,以及本省营养监测消费量数据,采用点评估方法对云南省居民AFB1暴露水平进行评估。结果云南省全人群来源于6类食品的AFB1暴露量为1.02×10-3μg/kgbw,其中来源于大米的AFB1暴露量最高,占总暴露量的50.98%,其次是玉米及其制品,占18.63%。总暴露量为大城市贫困农村中小城市一般农村;云南省居民AFB1膳食暴露量对肝癌发病率的贡献为0.040/10万人;各地区居民暴露边界比(margin of exposure, MOE)值介于144.07～180.85之间。结论云南省AFB1污染状况相对良好,仍需持续关注; 6类食物中大米、玉米是云南省AFB1的主要暴露来源。