电-热-氢综合能源系统鲁棒区间优化调度

该文采用鲁棒区间法挖掘电-热综合能源系统协调运行的潜力,以缓解风电功率的不确定性对电力系统的运行稳定性的影响,并构建风力发电与氢储能系统相结合的风-氢混合系统,考虑氢储能系统的热平衡需求,以充分发挥氢储能系统的储能效率,平抑风电的波动性。首先,介绍了考虑氢储能系统接入的电-热综合能源系统结构,并构建其数学模型;然后,以区间形式考虑风电的不确定性,构建含风电的鲁棒区间优化调度模型,使系统在所有风电出力允许区间内,均满足允许约束条件;再次,建立一种含风-氢混合系统的电-热综合能源系统鲁棒区间优化调度模型,采用对偶理论将原模型转化为单层模型进行求解,最坏情况下的风电不平衡功率由可调机组根据时变参与因子进行调整;最后,以PJM-5节点电力系统与6节点热力系统和辽宁省北部太和综合能源系统为例对所提模型进行分析,验证了模型的有效性。     

In Situ Topochemical Transformation of ZnIn2S4 for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Diformylfuran

Photocatalytic selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) coupled H₂ production offers a promising approach to producing valuable chemicals. Herein, an efficient in situ topological transformation tactic is developed for producing porous O-doped ZnIn₂S₄ nanosheets for HMF oxidation cooperative with H₂ evolution. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM images show that the hierarchical porous O-ZIS-120 possesses abundant atomic scale edge steps and lattice defects, which is beneficial for electron accumulation and molecule adsorption. The optimal catalyst (O-ZIS-120) exhibits remarkable performance with 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) yields of 1624 µmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ and the selectivity of >97%, simultaneously with the H₂ evolution rate of 1522 µmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹. Mechanistic investigations through theoretical calculations show that O in the O-ZIS-120 lattice can reduce the oxidation energy barrier of hydroxyl groups of HMF. In situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) results reveal that DFF^* (C₄H₂(CHO)₂O^*) intermediate has a weak interaction with O-ZIS-120 and desorb as the final product. This study elucidates the topotactic structural transitions of 2D materials simultaneously with electronic structure modulation for efficient photocatalytic DFF production.     

19.28% Efficiency and Stable Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Introducing an NIR-Absorbing Guest Acceptor

Here, a near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing small-molecule acceptor (SMA) Y-SeNF with strong intermolecular interaction and crystallinity is developed by combining selenophene-fused core with naphthalene-containing end-group, and then as a custom-tailor guest acceptor is incorporated into the binary PM6:L8-BO host system. Y-SeNF shows a 65 nm red-shifted absorption compared to L8-BO. Thanks to the strong crystallinity and intermolecular interaction of Y-SeNF, the morphology of PM6:L8-BO:Y-SeNF can be precisely regulated by introducing Y-SeNF, achieving improved charge-transporting and suppressed non-radiative energy loss. Consequently, ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) offer an impressive device efficiency of 19.28% with both high photovoltage (0.873 V) and photocurrent (27.88 mA cm⁻²), which is one of the highest efficiencies in reported single-junction PSCs. Notably, ternary PSC has excellent stability under maximum-power-point tracking for even over 200 h, which is better than its parental binary devices. The study provides a novel strategy to construct NIR-absorbing SMA for efficient and stable PSCs toward practical applications.     

New Polymerized Small Molecular Acceptors with Non-Aromatic π-Conjugated Linkers for Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells

Developing new polymerized small molecular acceptor (PSMA) is pivotal for improving the performance of all-polymer solar cells. On the basis of this newly developed CH-series small molecule acceptors, two PSMAs are reported herein (namely PZC16 and PZC17, respectively). To reduce the molecular torsion caused by the traditional aromatic π-bridges, non-aromatic conjugated units (ethynyl for PZC16 and vinylene for PZC17) are adopted as the linkers and their effect on the photo-physical properties as well as the device performance are systematically investigated. Both polymer acceptors exhibit co-planar molecular conformation, along with broad absorption ranges and suitable energy levels. In comparison with the PM6:PZC16 film, the PM6:PZC17 film exhibits more uniform phase separation in morphology with a distinct bi-continuous network and better crystallinity. The PM6:PZC17-binary-based devices exhibit a satisfactory PCE of 16.33%, significantly higher than 9.22% of the PZC16-based devices. Impressively, PM6:PZC17-based large area device (ca. 1 cm²) achieves an excellent PCE of 15.14%, which is among the top performance for reported all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs).     

An Efficient One-Arrow-Two-Hawks Strategy Achieves High Efficiency and Stable Batch Variance for Benzodifuran-based Polymer Solar Cells

With the development of organic solar cells (OSCs), the high-performance and stable batch variance are becoming a new challenge for designing polymer donors. To obtain high photovoltaic performance, adopting polymers with high molecular weight as donors is an ordinary strategy. However, the high molecular weight need to subtly control the reaction time and state, inevitably caused batch-to-batch variations. Herein, a strategy of steric effect is applied to benzodifuran (BDF)-based polymer by introducing different positions of Cl atom, producing two polymers PBDFCl-1 and PBDFCl-2. The more twisted side chains conformation not only achieve the control of moderate molecular weight for PBDFCl-2, but also easily form molecular stacking through adopting BDF unit and maintain sufficient polymeric crystallinity. Due to the optimized stacking mode and good blend miscibility, PBDFCl-2-based device exhibitsa more elegant power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.00% compared to PBDFCl-1-based device. This is the highest efficiency record for BDF-based binary OSCs. Meanwhile, the PCE device variation of the different molecular weights for PBDFCl-2 is little, indicating the reduction of the batch variation. Therefore, smartly using steric effect of Cl atom in strong crystalline BDF unit can form efficient molecular stacking regulations and realize the coordination of high-performance and stable batch variance.     

Photothermal Heating-Assisted Superior Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of High-Entropy-Alloy Nanoparticles

Antibacterial elements and non-contact heating abilities have been proven effective for antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, but it remains a challenge to integrate both within one material. Herein, assisted by the high-entropy effect, FeNiTiCrMnCu_x high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) with excellent photothermal heating properties for boosting antibacterial and antibiofilm performances are synthesized. Benefitting from the synergetic effect of copper ions released and thermal damage by the HEA-NPs, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated, leading to the rupture of the cell membranes and the eradication of the biofilms. As a result, the antibiofilm efficiency (400 µg mL⁻¹) of the mostly optimized FeNiTiCrMnCu_1.0 HEA-NPs in the marine nutrient medium, which is the worst-case scenario for the antimicrobial material, can be improved from 81% to 97.4% under 30 min solar irradiation (1 sun). The present study demonstrates a new strategy for effectively treating marine microorganisms that cause biofouling and microbial corrosion using HEA-NPs with photothermal heating characteristics as an antibacterial auxiliary.     

Empowering wave energy with control technology: Possibilities and pitfalls

With an increasing focus on climate action and energy security, an appropriate mix of renewable energy technologies is imperative. Despite having considerable global potential, wave energy has still not reached a state of maturity or economic competitiveness to have made an impact. Challenges include the high capital and operational costs associated with deployment in the harsh ocean environment, so it is imperative that the full energy harnessing capacity of wave energy devices, and arrays of devices in farms, is realised. To this end, control technology has an important role to play in maximising power capture, while ensuring that physical system constraints are respected, and control actions do not adversely affect device lifetime. Within the gamut of control technology, a variety of tools can be brought to bear on the wave energy control problem, including various control strategies (optimal, robust, nonlinear, etc.), data-based model identification, estimation, and forecasting. However, the wave energy problem displays a number of unique features which challenge the traditional application of these techniques, while also presenting a number of control ‘paradoxes’. This review articulates the important control-related characteristics of the wave energy control problem, provides a survey of currently applied control and control-related techniques, and gives some perspectives on the outstanding challenges and future possibilities. The emerging area of control co-design, which is especially relevant to the relatively immature area of wave energy system design, is also covered.     

海上风浪结合发电系统用两自由度发电机研究综述及展望

近年来,多能互补利用成为能源开发的一种新趋势。海上风能和波浪能具有无污染、能量形式集中等诸多优点,一种基于两自由度直线旋转发电机的新型风浪结合发电系统应运而生。对海上风能和波浪能发电系统的研究现状进行综述,对比独立开发海上风能和波浪能的发电系统、传统风浪结合发电系统及新型海上风浪结合发电系统各自的优缺点;对作为新型海上风浪结合发电系统核心能量转换装置的两自由度直线旋转发电机的研究现状进行总结,并通过有限元方法初步验证了两自由度发电机用于新型海上风浪结合发电系统中的可行性,随后探讨该类发电机的研究热点及难点。最后,对海上风浪结合发电系统用两自由度发电机未来主要的研究方向进行了展望。     

新型星载超宽带微波光子变频技术

传统的星载变频通道存在易受电磁干扰、动态范围受限、带宽瓶颈等不足,将微波光子技术引入卫星通信系统中,可克服电域信号变频的局限性,提升星载变频通道的性能。文章提出了一种基于并联马赫-增德尔调制器(MZM)与相干接收的宽带微波光子变频技术,通过采用相干接收方法,能够实现较好的共模噪声抑制,并降低谐波失真的影响,同时结合抑制载波调制方式所带来的优势,有效改善了变频无杂散动态范围等指标。通过实验验证,其杂散抑制比优于60 dB,无杂散动态范围优于100 dB·Hz2/3,为新型星载微波光子变频方案设计、实际应用提供了必要的理论依据与技术支撑。     

相位调制微波光传输链路特性分析（特邀）

常规的微波光子系统采用强度调制方式实现微波信号的电光转换,由于调制器采用马赫-曾德尔干涉结构(MZI),系统性能不仅受到自身正弦响应特性的制约,而且需要进行偏置点控制,因此存在动态范围受限、系统控制复杂以及3 dB固有损耗带来的效率不足的问题,而采用相位调制可避免该问题。围绕相位调制光传输链路,为了完成相位调制信号的光电解调,文章提出采用薄膜滤波器通过边带抑制与边带选通两种方式实现相位调制到强度调制的转换,并分析了链路射频性能与器件参数之间的映射关系。实测对比了相位调制与常规强度调制链路之间的传输特性,通过分析可知,在相同链路配置条件下,相位调制链路具有更高的传输效率,而且光滤波带来的均衡作用,使得相位调制链路的3 dB带宽比强度调制链路大两倍。