中平水电站引水渡槽槽身砼施工

中平水电站引水渡槽是广西目前最大的"U"型渡槽.分析了渡槽的特点,论述了槽身砼现浇的施工方法、工艺流程及要求,总结了施工中的质量控制要点,并对类似工程施工提出改进设想.     

控制和减少“丁坝”下游回流尺度的试验研究

由于流动边界出现凸出障碍物引起边界层分离，导致回流发展，水流流态恶化等，采用吸、喷水方法，在凸出障碍物与水流平行的边界略上部位将边界层水流吸走，并在其下游喷水，以减小回流范围和强度，水槽试验表明，吸、喷水量为水槽中总流量的1．5％－2％时，回流长度将减小70％－80％。     

滩槽复式断面水流特性的试验研究

采用水槽试验研究复式断面水流流速的横向分布特征、边界剪切应力变化规律以及水力参数对断面过流能力的影响，并得出了滩槽流量分配计算式。     

泥沙输移强度计算公式的再研究

输沙强度计算公式的精度，在很大程度上取决于水流强度指标的选取。本文在对以往各种水流强度指标分析的基础上，提出了统一的水流强度指标形式，并由此推导出一般形式的输沙强度计算公式，该公式可概括现有的有关输沙公式。同时利用多组实测水槽资料对公式中的系数进行了率定，与其它几个输沙强度公式比较表明，本文公式具有较高的精度。     

低弗劳德数下挑坎体型对掺气的影响试验

通过变换坎高及挑坎坡度,制作不同体型的挑坎模型,将其置于可变坡有机玻璃水槽中,研究在不同流量下坎后掺气空腔长度及回水深度的规律。试验结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,来流量与空腔长度成正比,挑坎高度对空腔长度的影响比挑坎坡度要大得多;流量越大,空腔回水深度越低,而空腔回水深度却随着挑坎高度的增加而增加,挑坎高度的增加与回水深度的减轻并不成正比;在试验条件下,射流水舌冲击角5.5°时已出现空腔回水,空腔回水的出现与射流水舌冲击角密切相关,但归根结底还是与来流条件、水槽底坡、掺气坎体型的确定有关。     

刚性双层植物河道水流垂向流速分布试验研究

天然河道中植物高低不等,为了研究在淹没条件下含刚性双层植物河道的水流流速垂向分布规律,试验在矩形平底水槽中,采用PVC圆柱棒对刚性植物进行模拟,用三维多普勒超声测速仪(ADV)对流速进行测量,分析在两种不同高度植物存在的情况下流速的变化规律。试验结果表明:(1)高棒之后区域的流速分布曲线存在4个拐点,分布曲线分为5个部分,各部分水流特性各不相同。(2)短棒之后的区域的流速分布曲线存在3个拐点,分布曲线分为4个部分。这两个区域的流速分布曲线的形状在短棒之上、高棒之下的部分有所不同,其他部分大体相似。(3)短棒之下的水流速度大小不尽相同,但在高棒之上的水流流速分布逐渐收敛于一条对数曲线上,高棒之上的水流流速分布符合无植物水流水面附近的流速分布情况。     

挑角对淹没丁坝附近河床变形影响的试验

挑角对淹没丁坝和非淹没丁坝坝头附近床面冲淤变形的影响不同.目前的研究成果多集中于非淹没丁坝,涉及淹没丁坝的研究成果相对偏少.为了研究淹没丁坝附近床面冲淤变形对挑角的响应,对粗、细2组非均匀沙,45°、90°、135°3个挑角进行了交叉水槽试验.通过图像对冲刷坑形态进行了对比;将冲刷坑长度、宽度、最大深度、体积等特征参数试验成果进行了统计分析;将挑角对冲刷深度的影响折算成挑角因子,与前人的挑角因子及试验资料进行了对比.试验成果表明,挑角对淹没丁坝坝头附近床面冲刷坑形态、位置、尺寸均有影响,而床沙粒度则主要影响冲刷坑的尺寸.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE FAILURE OF CASCADE LANDSLIDE DAMS

This paper presents results of model tests for the landslide dam failure of a single dam and cascade dams in a sloping channel. The dams were designed to be regular trapezoid with fine sand. A new measuring method named the labeled line locating method was used to digitalize the captured instantaneous pictures. Under two different inflow discharges, the morphological evolution and the flow patterns during one dam failure and the failure of cascade dams were investigated. The results indicate that when the inflow discharge is large, the deformation pattern of the downstream dam is similar to that of the upstream dam, and both dams are characterized with the overtopping scour throughout the dam failure process. When the inflow discharge is small, the upstream dam is scoured mainly through a sluice slot formed by the longitudinal incision, and the downstream dam is characterized with the overtopping scour. The data set presented in this paper can be used for the validation of numerical models and provide a reference for the flood risk management of cascade landslide dams.     

The influence of discharge and temperature on the ability of upstream migrant adult river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) to pass experimental overshot and undershot weirs

The efficiencies of fish passes specifically designed and constructed to facilitate the movement of a limited number of species and life‐stages past structural barriers are likely to decline as site‐specific conditions shift with a changing climate. There is a need to develop realistic fish passage criteria based on understanding swimming capability and behaviour of multiple species in relation to temperature and flow. The influence of temperature and discharge on behaviour and ability of groups of migrating adult river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), a threatened species, to pass a small overshot or undershot weir at night was investigated using a large experimental flume. Lamprey approached the weirs less, and more often maintained station by using the oral disk to attach to structure, under high flows. Oral disk attachment was more commonly observed during tests employing the undershot weir. Upstream movement tended to be in close proximity to the channel walls and floor where, compared to the mid‐channel, velocities were generally lower and velocity vectors more likely to be in a direction other than the bulk flow. Upstream movement was positively related to temperature, and was higher for the overshot weir. Weir passage rate was higher for undershot than overshot weirs, and negatively related to the maximum velocity at the weir. Passage rate was low when maximum velocities at the weir exceeded 1.5 m s^?1, although some fish passed at c. 1.7 m s^?1. Passage efficiency, the number of weir passes as a percentage of the number of approaches, was also higher for the undershot weir, but was not affected by discharge because lamprey approached less frequently at high flows. This study provides fish passage criteria under realistic conditions for an infrequently studied anguilliform species of conservation concern and provides a methodological perspective by which to improve fishway suitability for a wider range of species subject to changing climate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article was published online on March 3, 2010. An error was subsequently identified in the Article title. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected [April 12, 2010].     

串珠状堰塞湖级联溃决对汶川震区河流演化的影响

"5·12"汶川地震震后3年多以来,串珠状堰塞湖群的形成和发展,对震区河流演化的影响重大。通过对汶川地震灾区岷江支流——渔子溪的耿达—映秀河段的野外考察发现,堰塞坝对河流挤压造成异岸冲刷,河道横向展宽或弯曲;多堰塞湖河段河床抬升强烈;部分堰塞坝由于未完全溃决而逐渐发育成尼克点,从而形成阶梯状河床。鉴于野外考察的局限性,通过野外水槽实验初步探索了堰塞湖级联溃决的动力学特征,堰塞湖级联溃决放大了山区河流洪水的峰值流量,从而加剧了河流沿程冲淤程度,更有利于梯级河床的形成。探索多堰塞湖河段堰塞湖级联溃决情况下的河床演化规律,旨在为地震灾区河道修复及灾后恢复重建提供科学指导。