Life cycle assessment and evaluation of energy payback time on high-concentration photovoltaic power generation system

In this study, the environmental load of photovoltaic power generation system (PV) during its life cycle and energy payback time (EPT) are evaluated by LCA scheme. Two hypothetical case studies in Toyohashi, Japan and Gobi dessert in China have been carried out to investigate the influence of installation location and PV type on environmental load and EPT. The environmental load and EPT of a high-concentration photovoltaic power generation system (hcpV) and a multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic power generation system (mc-Si PV) are studied. The study shows for a PV of 100 MW size, the total impacts of the hcpV installed in Toyohashi is larger than that of the hcpV installed in Gobi desert by 5% without consideration of recycling stage. The EPT of the hcpV assumed to be installed in Gobi desert is shorter than EPT of the hcpV assumed to be installed in Toyohashi by 0.64 year. From these results, the superiority to install PV in Gobi desert is certificated. Comparing with hcpV and mc-Si PV, the ratio of the total impacts of mc-Si PV to that of hcpV is 0.34 without consideration of recycling stage. The EPT of hcpV is longer than EPT of mc-Si PV by 0.27 year. The amount of global solar radiation contributing to the amount of power generation of mc-Si PV is larger than the amount of direct solar radiation contributing to the amount of power generation of hcpV by about 188 kW h/(m² year) in Gobi desert. Consequently, it appears that using mc-Si PV in Gobi desert is the best option.     

中国北方荒漠区降水多时间尺度变异性研究

依据我国北方荒漠区35个站点1951—2005年月降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用降水集度、游程检验、功率谱、Morlet小波分析、MannKendall秩次相关及气候趋势系数等方法,分析了北方荒漠地区降水在年内,年际和年代际几种时间尺度的变异规律及其变化趋势,探讨了同期该地区上空大尺度环流异常对当地降水时空分布及变化趋势的影响。结果表明：我国北方荒漠区降水存在5a、9a及准14a主周期,1988年以来以9a及14a周期为主;降水年内分配的差异趋缓,年际波动呈增加趋势。年代尺度下,以多年均值衡量,21世纪内蒙古高原东部地区降水将减少,平均减幅为15～40mm/a,北疆大部分地区平均增幅为10～40mm/a。各年代,春(秋)季降水占全年百分率变化不大,维持在14.4％～17.5％(17.3％～21.2％),夏季是主要降水期,占全年降水的58％～62％,冬季所占比例较小,最高为5.1％。预计未来：春、夏季降水将增多,冬季降水逐渐减少,年降水有增加趋势;极端干旱区和干旱区的降水有增加趋势的地区概率分别为83％和70％,而半干旱地区降水有明显减少趋势的概率为58％,西部有向暖湿变化、中部地区趋于暖干、而东部地区趋于干旱的可能。     

Development of smart clothing for military applications using thermochromic colorants

In this study, we have developed color changeable (chameleon-type) printings on cotton fabrics using thermochromic colorants for defense applications. Different colored coatings such as light green, dark green, black, brown, and sandal have been developed using blue and orange thermochromic colorants in combination with turmeric (a natural dye) and graphite. The printed color pattern mimics jungle motif design (classic green and brown camouflage) which transforms to desert color motif on application of heat from external sources (using hot air oven or electrical power). The response time and temperature for each color change and recovery were evaluated in case of direct heating. Further, their performance was also tested by providing heat using different electrical power. The CIE L*a*b* values of the colors were measured using spectrophotometer before and after heating. The printed fabrics’ physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural rigidity, and tear strength were also tested before and after printing. The wash property of printed fabrics shows reasonably good fixation of colors to the fabric surface. The chameleon-type camouflage printing described in this work shows promise to use the same fabric for camouflaging at different terrains which essentially reduces the time for shifting troops to different locations.     

干旱荒漠区勘查植物地球化学研究现状及关键科学问题

利用植物地球化学在干旱荒漠地区进行勘查找矿是一种有效的方法,这种方法已在国内外得到一定的重视和应用。从砾石荒漠→土质荒漠→荒漠草原→盐渍化荒漠采用植物地球化学测量进行矿产普查都是适应的。为推动干旱荒漠区勘查植物地球化学的发展,使之在这一特殊景观区投入生产性应用,应加强其关键性科学问题研究。以干旱荒漠区特殊气候水热条件、土壤类型和植物生理生态特性为背景,研究荒漠 －植物系统元素的分布分配、迁移转化、元素群组行为及运移驱动力,是干旱荒漠区勘查植物地球化学研究中最基本的关键性科学问题,其中元素的迁移转化是核心问题。在这些问题研究的基础上,还应从理论和实践上对找矿有效指示植物及指示元素的选择、植物地球化学异常的形成条件和机制、植物地球化学找矿的深度预测模型等问题进行更深入的研究。     

沙漠地区页岩气地质调查井施工技术

武威盆地儿马湖凹陷地质调查井武地1井钻井工程位于内蒙古自治区腾格里沙漠腹地,施工条件恶劣。上部第四系覆盖层主要岩性为黄色砂土和红色细砂,厚度大,松散易垮塌。针对武地1井钻井难点,从井场建设、钻井设备的选择、井身结构、钻井液优化等方面采取措施,为沙漠地区钻井施工积累了经验。     

沙漠产流区工作面过沟开采保水技术

沙漠产流区是榆神矿区重要的水源地,同时也可能成为安全生产的水害隐患。为保护沙漠珍稀水资源,保证煤炭安全高效开采,开展沙漠产流区保水采煤分区关键技术研究。采用现场实测、数值计算等手段剖析了过沟开采保水采煤的影响因素及分区标准,并基于分区特性提出了过沟保水关键技术。研究结果表明:过沟开采对水资源的影响可分为地表径流漏失和汇流区地下水漏失两类,其中汇流区进一步划分为突水溃沙区、突水区、渗漏区和保水区。残余隔水层厚度为0时原沟谷底部隔水层失去隔水性能,地表径流将泻入井下造成水资源漏失。过沟保水采煤技术包括采用修复地裂缝,突水区筑坝引流等,在综合治理开采区取得了工程应用成功。     

TA-218高耐磨衬里在高温沙漠地区的施工

喀土穆炼油厂位于苏丹北部沙漠边缘,常年处于高温干燥酷暑天气,夏季平均温度42℃,冬季平均温度32℃,年平均相对湿度为20%。该厂180万t/a重油催化裂化装置采用了TA-218高耐磨衬里。而TA-218高耐磨衬里的施工,要求环境温度在4～27℃,相对湿度在30%～70%,为此技术人员采取了一系列措施,如在衬里材料中加冰水降温、原材料提前发酵、洒水增加空气相对湿度、用磷酸铝溶液补救、涂刷油漆防水、支模浇注等。从投产4年的情况看,衬里质量优良,完好无损。文章介绍了在高温沙漠地区施工TA-218高耐磨衬里的措施和体会。     

南疆灌耕棕漠土的基层分类

本文分析了南疆西部莎车县和东部哈密县灌耕棕漠土的成土条件,探讨了灌耕棕漠土的系统分类,特别是基层分类,根据南疆灌耕棕漠土的实际情况,结合11个剖面,讨论了土族和土系的划分依据和指标,描述了各土系的生产特性。     

Factors affecting behavioral phase transition in the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The behavior of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is adjusted rapidly to population density and is a phase characteristic. We used discriminant analysis to quantify the extent of phase transition from the solitary to the gregarious phase and accurately classify the phase status on the basis of two decisive behavioral parameters: nymphal activity and social interaction. Fecal extracts. examined by olfactometry, attract solitarious nymphs but do not contribute to behavioral phase transition. Neither do visual stimuli alone. Short-range olfaction of airborne volatiles slightly affects behavioral phase transition. Antennectomy abolishes density response. Cuticular lipid extract, containing presumptive contact pheromones, does not attract nymphs, but does significantly affect behavioral phase transition.     

地应力场研究与油气勘探——以张强凹陷为例

本文以张强凹陷为例阐述了地应力场研究的方法,总结了近年来我国地应力研究在油田勘探开发中所取得的进展,全面表述了近年来探索出的一套应用于油田勘探(开发)的地应力研究的基本思路,特别是对裂缝发育区井网布设方案优化提出了新的建议,最后对未来的研究方向进行了展望。