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Assessment of compositional changes during ripening of transgenic papaya modified for protection against papaya ringspot virus

BACKGROUND: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) production is limited by over 20 viruses, the most damaging of which is papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). Owing to a lack of suitable PRSV‐resistant sources in Carica germplasm, transgenic resistance using the coat protein (cp) gene of a local PRSV strain is being developed to manage the disease in Jamaica. For assurance of food safety, the nutritional and antinutritional composition of transgenic papayas during ripening was compared with that of unmodified control samples. RESULTS: Mature unripe fruits of transgenic and non‐transgenic papayas were repeatedly harvested and stored at room temperature for 1 week periods, during which random samples were assessed. With the exception of one transgenic line, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in selected nutrients and antinutrients between the control and test samples at three stages of maturity, although a few random variations were noted. CONCLUSION: Transformation with viral cp gene and two marker genes did not produce any major unintended alterations in either the nutritional or the antinutritional composition of transgenic papayas. These findings must be compared with other physicochemical and safety assessments to provide a scientific basis for concluding substantial equivalence with conventional papayas available on the market in Jamaica. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

New food safety challenges of viral contamination from a global perspective: Conventional,emerging, and novel methods of viral control

Food- and waterborne viruses, such as human norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses, are major contributors to all foodborne illnesses. Their small size, structure, and ability to clump and attach to inanimate surfaces make viruses challenging to reduce or eliminate, especially in the presence of inorganic or organic soils. Besides traditional wet and dry methods of disinfection using chemicals and heat, emerging physical nonthermal decontamination techniques (irradiation, ultraviolet, pulsed light, high hydrostatic pressure, cold atmospheric plasma, and pulsed electric field), novel virucidal surfaces, and bioactive compounds are examined for their potential to inactivate viruses on the surfaces of foods or food contact surfaces (tools, equipment, hands, etc.). Every disinfection technique is discussed based on its efficiency against viruses, specific advantages and disadvantages, and limitations. Structure, genomic organization, and molecular biology of different virus strains are reviewed, as they are key in determining these techniques effectiveness in controlling all or specific foodborne viruses. Selecting suitable viral decontamination techniques requires that their antiviral mechanism of action and ability to reduce virus infectivity must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, details about critical treatments parameters essential to control foodborne viruses in a food production environment are discussed, as they are also determinative in defining best disinfection and hygiene practices preventing viral infection after consuming a food product.     

流感病毒的演变传播及抗病毒药物和疫苗的研究进展

流感病毒是引起人类流感的传染性病毒.1918年流感风暴席卷全球,至今仍为挥之不去的梦魇.本文综述了流感病毒的演变,在世界的传播路线和流感病毒"劫持"人体细胞的新机制,以及抗流感病毒新药和新型流感疫苗的研究进展.神经氨酸苷酶抑制剂的应用和新型流感疫苗的研制成功将为预防和治疗流感开拓广阔的前景.     

Short communication: Antiviral activity of subcritical water extract of Brassica juncea against influenza virus A/H1N1 in nonfat milk

Subcritical water extract (SWE) of Brassica juncea was studied for antiviral effects against influenza virus A/H1N1 and for the possibility of application as a nonfat milk supplement for use as an “antiviral food.” At maximum nontoxic concentrations, SWE had higher antiviral activity against influenza virus A/H1N1 than n-hexane, ethanol, or hot water (80°C) extracts. Addition of 0.5 mg/mL of B. juncea SWE to culture medium led to 50.35% cell viability (% antiviral activity) for Madin-Darby canine kidney cells infected with influenza virus A/H1N1. Nonfat milk supplemented with 0.28 mg/mL of B. juncea SWE showed 39.62% antiviral activity against influenza virus A/H1N1. Thus, the use of B. juncea SWE as a food supplement might aid in protection from influenza viral infection.     

山东烟草番茄黄化曲叶病毒的分子检测和序列分析

2012年7月从山东泰安烟草种植区采集疑似感染番茄黄化曲叶病毒的烟草样品。利用双生病毒的通用引物PA／PB对样品进行扩增和测序,所得序列经NCBIBLAST比对证明,该感病烟草的病毒分离物为番茄黄化曲叶病毒（Tomatoyellowleafcurlvirus,TYLCV）。随后对TYLCV进行全基因组序列扩增和测序（GenBank登录号JX856172）,经分子比对和进化分析发现,其与山东泰安番茄分离物TYLCV（JF414236）同源性最高为99％,并与山东其他地区和天津、北京等地报道的TYLCV同属一个大的进化分支,均属于以色列株系（TYLcv-IL）。本研究首次明确了在自然条件下烟草受到TYLCV的侵染。     

黔南烟草马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)株系的分子鉴定

为了揭示贵州省黔南烟区马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)株系分布及分子变异规律,先利用血清学方法初步鉴定PVY株系,再选择19个PVY分离物进行分子鉴定.结果表明,克隆的19个PVY cDNA片段全长均为1074 nts,包含1个801 nts的完整cp基因,编码266个氨基酸.序列比对发现,19个黔南PVY分离物cp基因核苷酸序列相似性为87.0％ ～ 99.9％,与GenBank登录的其他17个PVY株系cp基因序列相似性为86.6％ ～ 99.9％.系统进化树分析表明,黔南烟区19个PVY分离物中,有3个PVY分离物与PVYN株系和PVYNTN亲缘关系较近,而其他16个PVY分离物与PVYNN:O株系的亲缘关系最近.     

抗病毒病K326新品系Y48抗TMV的细胞学机制研究

Y48是对主栽烤烟品种K326的病毒病抗性进行定向改良培育出的新品系,在保持原K326其他性状不变的前提下,对TMV和CMV抗性显著提高。为揭示其在细胞学方面的抗病机制,本研究利用透射电子显微镜（TEM）对TMV接种0~72 h后的K326和Y48叶片进行超微结构观察。结果显示,K326接种24 h时,叶绿体类囊体片层减少,线粒体膨大,胞内出现自噬结构,接种72 h时,叶绿体、线粒体被病毒完全破坏,叶肉细胞病理性坏死;而Y48,在接种48 h时才发生叶绿体内部沉积少量颗粒,线粒体嵴消失,胞内出现降解的囊泡,接种72 h叶绿体,线粒体全部降解,细胞质凝集,叶肉细胞程序化死亡。结果表明,相对于K326,Y48可以延迟TMV病毒的侵染,并启动超敏反应,发生HR-PCD,并且Y48接种8 h后出现过氧化物酶体,可能影响细胞内ROS代谢水平,二者或许是Y48对TMV表现抗病的细胞学证据,研究结果为进一步解析Y48的抗病分子机理奠定了基础。     

Estimation of circulating bovine leukemia virus levels using conventional blood cell counts

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is widely prevalent in Japanese dairy farms. To control BLV infections in Japan, segregating or managing cows according to their proviral load (PVL) is a rational strategy. This study was conducted to establish a quantitative procedure for estimating blood PVL per microliter using a statistical model to offer a cost-effective alternative to the conventional quantitative real-time PCR method. In total, 250 Holstein cows infected with BLV were identified from 10 commercial dairy farms. Information on age was collected and blood samples were tested for white blood cell and lymphocyte counts and PVL using PCR. Generalized linear models with quasi-Poisson errors were used to estimate PVL by selecting age, logarithm of lymphocyte count, and their interaction term as explanatory variables. To evaluate the model, blood samples of 92 BLV-infected Holstein cows from 2 other commercial dairy farms were tested, and measured PVL values were compared with estimated PVL values by the model. The logPVL per microliter was modeled by positive associations with log lymphocyte count and age and a negative association with the interaction term. In the evaluation, measured PVL values had a strong correlation with estimated PVL values (Spearman's ρ = 0.87). In conclusion, our model provides a cost-effective and more rapid alternative to the conventional method to facilitate test and segregation or management of BLV-suspected cows.     

安徽省SMV株系的鉴定及其抗源筛选

为明确安徽省大豆花叶病毒（soybean mosaic virus,SMV）株系的最新组成、分布及消长动态,以及筛选对流行株系的抗性种质,2009-2010年广泛采集安徽省各大豆主产区疑似SMV病样461份,采用生物学及血清学方法鉴定得到83个SMV分离物。用全国统一的10个鉴别寄主对这些分离物进行鉴定,共鉴定出14个SMV株系,如SC3~SC9、SC11、SC13~SC15、SC17、SC19和SC22,其中SC5、SC11、SC14、SC15、SC17、SC19和SC22是本研究在大豆主产区新发现的。进一步比较分析发现,SMV株系SC3和SC7仍为目前安徽省大豆产区的流行株系,分别占分离物总数的16.9%和25.3%;其次为新发现的强毒株系SC15,在安徽省也有较为广泛的分布,比率为12.1%。针对流行株系SC3和SC7的抗源筛选结果表明,来自参加安徽省区试的149份资源中有中作J8023、中黄45、L85-2308、中涡47号和濉科13等5份材料对SC3表现高抗,中黄45、宿03-4-1-4和鲁06-7等9份材料对SC7表现高抗;参加我国南方区试的95份种质资源中有13份对强毒株系SC15表现抗病,占鉴定品种的13.7%。本研究明确了安徽省大豆产区的流行株系及变化趋势,筛选出针对SMV流行株系的抗源,为培育抗病品种和抗病品种布局提供了依据。