复合静电-磁浸没透镜的宽束曲轴聚焦性质及像差理论

研究了新型的复合静电 磁浸没透镜的曲光轴高斯电子光学性质及像差特性。应用宽束曲轴理论 ,导出了三维局部正交坐标系中的电子运动的中心轨迹方程和曲光轴的近轴轨迹方程 ;利用数学软件Mathematica推导出了复合静电 磁浸没透镜全部曲轴二级像差系数。作为实例 ,文中针对轴上磁场和电场具有某种解析表达式的旋转对称的静电 磁浸没透镜系数 ,计算了它的曲轴高斯聚焦特性和二级像差 ,并给出了二级像差分布图形     

干燥-饱和循环作用下砂质泥岩抗剪性能劣化试验研究

西部生态脆弱矿区煤炭开采过程中的地下水资源保护与利用是实现该区域煤炭绿色开采的前提和必要条件。其中,保水开采与地下水库技术的广泛应用为解决煤水共采问题提供可能。本文以煤矿地下水库煤岩边界在水反复浸入条件下稳定性变化为研究背景,以神东矿区乌兰木伦矿3-1号煤层顶板砂质泥岩为研究对象,通过无损浸水试验获得试样的自然吸水性规律,获得试样含水率到达饱和状态的浸水时间。根据浸水时间,对试样进行干燥-饱和反复浸水,得到不同循环浸水试样含水率随浸水次数呈指数增加关系,而试样抗剪强度和浸水次数呈指数降低关系。黏聚力随浸水次数的增加呈下降趋势,而内摩擦角先增加后减小,表明材料的均一性以及破裂面的形态及裂隙发育的形态、尺寸、方向变化造成了内摩擦角增加,而后期循环浸水占主导因素,表现为内摩擦角减小。根据黏聚力、内摩擦角与干燥-饱和循环次数的关系,建立了基于干燥-饱和循环次数的Mohr-Coulomb准则。声发射计数曲线与剪应力曲线有较强的对应性,在试样破坏时刻声发射事件明显增加,对应声发射累计计数曲线的明显上升阶段。试样在破坏过程中以低RA值为主,破坏时刻对应高RA值,即试样破坏过程中的基础裂隙类型是张拉裂隙,破坏时刻对应明显的剪切裂隙。研究结果表明,地下水库边界煤岩柱在地下水库蓄水-抽水过程中,在浸水-失水作用下其强度发生显著变化,建议在构建地下水库时应考虑水作用引起的边界煤岩柱强度弱化作用。     

当代中国园林艺术输出的具身转向——基于海外中国园林视角的探析

【目的】在中国文化走向世界的过程中,中国园林该以何种方式让世界认识东方文化中的价值与内涵成为重要课题。【方法】基于此观照,结合“具身认知”理论,对海外中国园林在文化传播过程中的具身性进行剖析,探讨在特定的园林空间中的身体体验。【结果】通过身体感知,仿古园林以精致的要素与空间组合展现“中国性”;通过意境隐喻,现代展园以崭新姿态传达中国的审美情怀与文化取向;通过体验互动,园林活动以具身表演与时空环境的深度融合将中国文化艺术推广至海外大众。【结论】最终可以发现：通过以上3种方式,海外中国园林在景观体验中成功挖掘了游客的认知并引发多样性的探索和想象,持续推动中国文化的海外传播。     

湿陷性黄土地区桥梁桩基工后沉降计算方法研究

针对高速铁路工后沉降要求严格,湿陷性黄土地区桩基由于浸水引起的附加沉降计算研究不充分的现状,以现场大型桩基浸水试验结果为基础,分析了桩基浸水附加沉降的产生机理,提炼出湿陷性黄土地区高速铁路桥梁桩基工后沉降计算模型,提出了工后沉降计算方法。研究表明,浸水附加下沉是湿陷性黄土地区桥梁桩基需主要考虑的工后沉降,工后沉降可能比工前沉降大得多,桩身压缩沉降是沉降的主体,混凝土蠕变在沉降计算中不可忽略;通过荷载传递理论计算浸水前桩身轴力分布,假定浸水后桩侧阻力和桩端阻力同步发挥获得浸水后的桩身轴力分布,据此可分别计算构成工后沉降的桩身弹性压缩、桩身蠕变和桩端沉降。     

Evaluation of grounded isometric interface for whole‐body navigation in virtual environments

Whole‐body interaction is an effective way to promote the level of presence and immersion in virtual reality systems. In this paper, we introduce “G‐Bar,” a grounded isometric interaction device that naturally induces whole‐body interaction without complicated sensing and active haptic feedback apparatus. G‐Bar takes advantage of the significant passive reaction force feedback sensed throughout the body to produce an enhanced level of presence/immersion and possibly even task performance. For detailed investigation in the contributing factors, two experiments were carried out to assess the comparative effectiveness of G‐Bar to the following: (1) grounded but isotonic device (with force feedback and without); and (2) nongrounded handheld devices (both isotonic and isometric). The results showed that the G‐Bar induced significantly higher presence and competitive task performance (fixed velocity navigation) than the isotonic (grounded or handheld) and nongrounded isometric interfaces. Compared with the grounded isometric device with active force feedback, G‐Bar produced competitive performance. In particular, the analysis of the subjective evaluation revealed a high correlation between the level of presence and whole‐body interaction. On the other hand, whole‐body experience was not induced as much with just the active force‐feedback devices. Thus, for appropriate tasks, the grounded isometric interface can be a viable alternative to expensive and mechanically limiting active force‐feedback devices in enhancing user experience. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

连铸结晶器内钢液流场的水模型试验

采用物理模拟的方法研究连铸结晶器中钢液在不同拉速、浸入深度和水口结构情形下的流动情况。通过流场显示技术分析现有水口的问题,设计了四种水口结构,并且进行了对照试验。试验结果证明:合理的水口结构可以很好的减低冲击深度,随着拉速的增大,冲击深度增加,而浸入深度对冲击深度的影响不大。     

平原水库浸没地下水临界埋深分析

平原水库蓄水易产生水库浸没,危害周围农作物和建筑物,需确定平原水库地下水临界埋深。对于农作物,水库浸没导致农作物发生渍害和次生盐渍化,利用作物根系层厚度计算防止农作物发生渍害的临界埋深;引入矿化度级差计算防止土壤次生盐渍化的临界埋深,选取两者最大值作为农作物浸没临界埋深。对于建筑物,引入弹塑体结构计算模型,根据承载力与地基应力的关系计算承载力影响下的临界埋深,根据应力分层总和法确定受附加应力影响的临界埋深,最后利用层次分析法计算权重大小,综合考虑各因素确定建筑物浸没临界埋深。通过提出地下水临界埋深评价方法为减轻浸没危害、预测库区可能发生浸没的地区范围提供了依据。     

Characterization and optimization of a plasma doping process using a pulsed RF-excited B2H6 plasma system

The P+ plasma doping (PLAD) process using B₂H₆/H₂ plasma in a pulsed, RF-excited plasma system has been systematically characterized and optimized. The correlations between the deposition, retained B dose/profile, carrier dose/profile, sheet resistance (R_S) as a function of the pulse voltage, nominal dose, and carrier gas dilution have been extensively investigated. It was found that diluting B₂H₆ with H₂ can be used as a method to control and minimize boron deposition. SIMS and SRP analyses indicate that B and carrier profiles are deeper for higher dilutions up to 5/95 of a B₂H₆/H₂ gas ratio, than they are for lower dilutions due to less B deposition. This results in a higher activation fraction because of the B_SS limit and compensates for the reduction of the retained B dose. The higher dilutions also improved the retained B dose and R_S saturation due to less deposition. The PLAD process of a pulsed, RF-excited plasma system using B₂H₆ diluted with 92.5% to 95% H₂ was found to be an optimal condition for high-dose, boron-doping applications.     

Feasibility assessment of vacuum cooling of cooked pork ham with water compared to that without water and with air blast cooling

To optimise vacuum cooling for application in the meat industry, an improved cooling method, i.e. vacuum cooling with water (or immersion vacuum cooling), was designed to cool cooked pork ham (2.2 ± 0.2 kg). It was found that the cooling time of vacuum cooling with water was significantly shorter than that of traditional air blast cooling (P < 0.05). For the cooling loss, vacuum cooling with water was significantly lower (6.99%) than that of vacuum cooling without water (13.71%) (P < 0.05). Significant differences in physical and chemical attributes were also observed for ham processed by vacuum cooling with and without water (P < 0.05). Therefore, for a certain size of pork ham, vacuum cooling with water could be an effective method to meet safety guidelines and obtain compatible quality attributes with air blast cooling.     

锆合金在HCl和H2SO4溶液中的耐蚀性能研究

采用化学浸泡、电化学测试和物理检测技术,研究了HCl和H2SO4溶液中锆合金的腐蚀行为.结果表明,锆合金在还原性的HCl和低浓度H2SO4溶液中,具有优异的耐蚀性,而在高浓度的氧化性H2SO4溶液中腐蚀速率显著增大.物理检测结果显示,腐蚀的锆合金表面均匀地覆盖着弥散分布的微小颗粒状ZrO2.还原性的HCl和低浓度H2SO4溶液中ZrO2膜保持了原有的致密性,增强了锆合金的耐蚀性能.而高浓度H2SO4溶液中,在其强氧化作用下,锆合金基体/膜界面处不断生成ZrO2.当膜增加到一定厚度时,氧化膜的晶格参数与金属的晶格参数不一致,产生内应力,降低了氧化膜的附着力,直至氧化膜破裂,露出新鲜的锆合金表面.继之,新鲜的锆合金再次被氧化,以此循环往复,导致锆合金在浓H2SO4溶液中腐蚀加剧.