Modification of waste silicas by silanes and titanates and their use as reinforcing fillers in elastomer composites

Results on the use of waste silica, a by-product in the production of aluminum fluoride, as an elastomer filler are presented. Modification of the purified silica surface with silane and titanate coupling agents has been carried out. The effect of the type and amount of modifying agent on the physico-mechanical properties in vulcanizates of butadiene-styrene rubber and in polyurethane elastomers has been tested. The mechanical properties of butadiene-styrene rubber vulcanizates filled with waste silica show that the most favorable modifying effect is shown by mercaptosilanes A-189 and A-1893, polysulfide Si-69, and titanate KRTTS, as indicated by increased strength parameters. However, testing of the mechanical properties in polyurethane elastomers filled with waste silica has demonstrated that silica modification with aminosilanes A-1100 and A-1120 yield polyurethane compositions of optimum strength parameters.     

Improved wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene by plasma immersion ion implantation

Surface modification of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been explored using the novel non-line-of-slight plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) with nitrogen. The modified surfaces were characterised by SEM and a Nano Test 600 testing machine. The tribological behaviour of PIII treated UHMWPE sliding against AISI 316L stainless steel counterfaces was evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer under water lubricated conditions. The experimental results show that PIII is a very promising surface engineering technique to improve such surface mechanical properties as surface hardness and elastic modulus of UHMWPE. As a result, the wear resistance of UHMWPE was significantly enhanced by a factor of three following PIII treatment, as compared with untreated material. It was found that the significantly improved wear resistance of PIII treated UHMWPE can be mainly attributed to ion bombardment induced cross-linking, and thus surface hardening.     

直接法——外语教学的演变与发展之二(英文)

本文是“外语教学的演变与发展”的第二部分,论述直接教学法。     

Authentication of the 31 species of toxic and potent Chinese Materia Medica by light microscopy,part 3: Two species of T/PCMM from flowers and their common adulterants

Toxic and potent Chinese Materia Medica (T/PCMM) has become a hot and sensitive topic as more and more people around the world are interested in the safety of herbal medicines. T/PCMM is irreplaceable in treating some diseases; but it can easily cause serious problems if confused with other herbal medicines. Accurate identification is essential to ensure their safe use, but up to now, the literature on the authentication of T/PCMM is scant. Thus, we are undertaking a study of 31 T/PCMM originating from plants, animals, minerals, and secreta. Our previous study established microscopic observation as a simple, fast, accurate, and convenient method for identifying and authenticating animal and seed T/PCMM. This study focused on the authentication of flower T/PCMM as a part of the whole study. The flower T/PCMM studies were derived from two species, Datura metel L. (Flos Daturae) and Rhododendron molle G. Don (Flos Rhododendri Mollis). Other species easily confused with these two were also examined and characterized. Using the microscope camera, normal light and polarized light microscopy, we determined the macroscopic and microscopic features of the flowers; in addition, the oil immersion lens was used to study the pollen grain characteristics. The results demonstrated that flower T/PCMM can be identified and authenticated using a light microscope equipped with an oil immersion lens. This same equipment can be easily used to characterize other herbal flower medicines. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mathematical model for describing of kinetics of tissue optical clearing

This paper describes the mathematical model for describing of light attenuation by different types of tissues at optical clearing. A comparison of experimental and calculated data showing a quantitative correspondence between these data was carried out. Parameters describing temporal dependence of optical transmission of a biological sample at immersion clearing are suggested. The article is published in the original.     

Contouring of Diffused Objects by Using Lensless Fourier Transform Digital Holography and Dual‐Index Immersion Method

Abstract: A simple method for contouring of diffused objects by using lensless Fourier transform digital holography and dual‐index immersion method is presented. It is noticed that to get more accurate results speckle noise should be eliminated/reduced from the reconstructed phase map from digital holograms. Speckle noise is handled by 5 × 5 median filtering. Depth contour interval up to a maximum of 0.12 mm could be achieved without making the interference phase fringes overcrowded.     

Innovation Clusters in Technological Systems: A Network Analysis of 15 OECD Countries for the Mid‐1990s

The paper aims to investigate how innovations cluster in different technological systems (TSs) when their “techno‐economic”, rather than “territorial” space, is considered. Innovation clusters of economic sectors are identified by referring to the innovation “potential” represented by their R&D expenditure and by applying social network analysis to the intersectoral R&D flows matrices of 15 OECD countries in the mid‐1990s. Different clusterization models are first tested in order to detect the way sectors group on the basis of the embodied R&D flows they exchange. Actual clusters are then mapped in the different TSs by looking for intersectoral relationships which can be qualified to constitute “reduced TSs” (ReTSs). In all the 15 TSs investigated the techno‐economic space appears organized in hierarchies, along which its constitutive sectors grouped into clusters with different density and composition. Once ReTSs are looked for, the 15 TSs display highly heterogeneous structures, but with some interesting similarity on the basis of which different clusters of TSs can be identified in turn.     

深井富水工作面“动—静”应力效应诱发冲击地压机理研究

冲击地压的发生是一个多因素诱发的结果。以郓城煤矿1301工作面为工程背景,研究“动—静”应力效应诱发的（“动”指工作面回采时,上覆岩层运动对前方煤体施加超前支承压力及扰动;“静”指水仓突水后,煤层上方相当于开采一个解放层,突水区域上覆岩层部分应力向周边转移,使突水区域周边的静应力升高）新型冲击地压发生的机理,本文采用采用理论分析、现场监测、工程试验、数值模拟等方法研究了冲击地压发生的应力来源、突水造成的煤体岩性改变特征、工作面回采的动态影响等,得出以下结论：①突水打破了原岩应力平衡,使其周边煤体静应力升高,这是冲击地压发生的静应力来源。②煤体浸水30天,使煤体的强度大幅降低,使其在同等应力作用下增大了“蠕变”冲击发生的风险。③1301工作面回采,超前支承压力是发生冲击地压的动应力来源;超前支承压力与高静应力叠加,增大了应力的集中程度,再加上上覆岩层对高应力集中区的动态扰动,使冲击地压发生的风险进一步加大。该方法对于富水工作面的防冲评价具有重要的参考意义。     

湿陷性黄土砂井浸水试验的应用研究

随着中国西部大开发战略的进一步实施,湿陷性黄土地区的工程建设项目越来越多。黄土具有分布广、厚度大、湿陷性强、不均匀等特点,这就需要对黄土工程场地的湿陷性做出合理评价。测试和评价黄土湿陷性及地基湿陷变形的方法主要有两种:一是依据室内单轴压缩侧限变形应力条件浸水试验测试湿陷系数,评价黄土的湿陷性强弱,计算各土层的湿陷变形评价地基的湿陷等级,但其评价结果往往与实际情况有较大差异,甚至得到错误的结论;二是现场浸水试坑试验,这种试验在工程场地原位进行,在黄土工程中被广泛应用并得到认可,但受工程场地条和干旱半干旱气候环境件制约,试验费用高,周期长、难度大。鉴于目前黄土湿陷性评价方法的不足以及深厚黄土层湿陷性评价分析的需要,从黄土湿陷变形的特性和浸水入渗特征出发,业已提出了原位砂井浸水试验方法。分别在兰州榆中和西安选取了3个具有代表性的试验场地进行了试验,并与其它两种湿陷性评价方法进行了对比,进一步验证了该新方法对湿陷性评价的合理性、准确性以及实用性。     

Comparative emission analysis of low-energy and zero-emission buildings

Different designs and concepts of low-energy and zero-emission buildings (ZEBs) are being introduced into the Norwegian market. This study analyses and compares the life cycle emissions of CO₂ equivalents (CO₂e) from eight different single-family houses in the Oslo climate. Included are four ZEBs: one active house, two passive houses, and a reference house (Norwegian building code of 2010). Monthly differences in CO₂e emissions are calculated for the seasonally sensitive Norwegian context for electricity generation and consumption. This is used to supplant the previous applied symmetric weighting approach for CO₂e/kWh factors for import and export of electricity for the ZEB cases. All the ZEBs have lower use-stage emissions compared with the other buildings or the reference case. Embodied impacts are found to be 60–75% for the analysed ZEB cases, confirming the importance of embodied impacts in Norwegian ZEBs. The lowest total emissions were from the smallest ZEB, emphasizing area efficiency. The highest emissions were from the reference case. By abandoning the symmetric approach, a new perspective was developed for assessing the performance of ZEBs within the Norwegian context. One of four ZEB cases managed to balance out its annual energy-related emissions.