采油微生物在多孔介质中的迁移滞留机制

采油微生物在多孔介质迁移过程中的滞留特征明显。以2株典型采油微生物Pseudomonas aeruginosa WJ-1和Bacillus subtilis SLY-3为研究对象,通过等温吸附实验和流动实验研究了其迁移滞留规律。研究结果表明:多孔介质的比表面积越大,吸附位点越多,菌体的吸附量越大。菌体和多孔介质表面的疏水性关系影响菌体在多孔介质表面的吸附量。采油微生物在油藏多孔介质环境中的总菌浓度一般低于3.5×108cfu/mL,在此条件下,采油微生物在油藏多孔介质中的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温线。体积较大的微生物运移速度超前,说明采油微生物在多孔介质运移过程中存在不可及孔隙体积。采油微生物在多孔介质运移过程中受到平衡吸附和架桥筛分的共同作用,且架桥筛分的作用相比于平衡吸附更加突出。基于实验研究确定了微生物的迁移滞留机制,并在此基础上修改完善了微生物迁移数学模型。研究成果为微生物采油数值模拟软件的研发与优化提供了实验依据及理论基础。     

对省级天然气管网设施公平开放与监管的思考——以陕西省为例

天然气管网设施公平开放和依法监管是绝大多数市场化比较成熟国家的一致选择。中国的天然气管网改革才刚刚起步,特别是在省级管网设施的监管方面,面临诸多现实问题。为此,以陕西省为例,剖析了我国当前省级天然气管网公平开放面临的主要问题:(1)省管网公司采取统购统销模式,不适应公平开放制度管输业务独立的客观要求;(2)省内管输价格管理办法和成本监审办法待建立,管输价格合理性亟待监审;(3)储气调峰和两部制管输定价缺位,不适应公平开放定价规则;(4)居民和非居民用气实行"双轨"制,不利于市场健康快速发展;(5)储气调峰设施建设滞后,影响供气稳定性和开放准入;(6)管网开放更具操作性的规章制度准则有待于完善。由此建议近期的监管工作重点应从以下5个方面入手:(1)督促省内管输企业扎实履行信息公开义务;(2)监管管网设施信息和运营信息公开的及时全面真实有效;(3)推动省内管输价格管理办法和成本监审办法尽早出台;(4)推动省内管网公司管输与销售、管输与下游业务分离;(5)推动大用户直供,改变省网公司统购统销模式。     

射孔孔眼磨蚀对分段压裂裂缝扩展的影响

非常规油气藏分段压裂施工中常利用射孔限流法促进段内多条水力裂缝均匀发育,压裂过程中,支撑剂会逐渐磨蚀射孔孔眼,致使射孔孔眼的限流作用失效。为研究射孔孔眼磨蚀现象对分段压裂中多裂缝发育的影响情况,耦合了孔眼磨蚀模型和水力裂缝扩展模型,建立了考虑射孔孔眼磨蚀的水平井分段压裂裂缝扩展模型。模拟结果表明:随着支撑剂磨蚀破坏射孔孔眼,孔眼的限流能力显著下降,导致压裂段内各水力裂缝尺寸差距增大。基于所建立的数值模型,研究了不同支撑剂浓度、压裂液排量条件下射孔孔眼磨蚀对压裂段内多条水力裂缝扩展的影响。结果表明:(1)压裂液内支撑剂浓度越高,射孔孔眼初期的磨蚀速度越快;(2)支撑剂浓度变化对段内裂缝扩展延伸的影响较小;(3)压裂液排量越高,射孔孔眼限流效果越好,压裂段内各裂缝发育越均匀。最后建议在分段压裂施工中尽可能提高压裂液排量,这将有助于压裂段内各裂缝的均衡发育。     

高阶煤层气高效开发工程技术优选模式及其应用

高阶煤层气井的平均单井产气量低已成为制约我国煤层气产业发展的主要瓶颈之一,直接导致了煤层气开发经济效益低。为此,基于不同煤储层的地质条件,选择适用于煤层气高效开发的工程技术是提高当前高阶煤层气开发效益的关键。在剖析影响高阶煤层气开发效果的地质因素的基础上,建立了高阶煤层气开发的地质模式,并针对不同的地质模式优选出了相应的开发工程技术。结果表明:(1)影响高阶煤层气开发效果的主要地质因素按其影响程度从小到大依次为:煤体结构、煤岩变质程度、地应力、临储比;(2)据此划分了直井压裂、裸眼多分支水平井、U型和顶板仿树形水平井、鱼骨状和单支型水平井等4种工程地质模式。结论认为:直井压裂和裸眼多分支水平井仅适用于煤体结构好、变质程度高的地区;而低成本、后期可维护、占地面积少的单支型水平井和鱼骨状水平井适用范围广,是适宜大力推广的井型。     

澳大利亚苏拉特盆地Walloon煤组成藏条件及富集模式

中侏罗统Walloon亚群煤组是澳大利亚苏拉特(Surat)盆地煤层气藏的主要储层,为一套典型的低煤阶高产煤层。为了明晰该煤组的煤层气成藏条件及富集模式,基于录井、实验和测试资料,研究了该煤组的展布特征及烃源岩条件、储集条件与保存条件,结合对该煤组的天然气成因及含气性特征分析结果,对比分析了该盆地东北部3个煤层气开发区在气藏富集模式上的差异,并归纳了Walloon煤组成藏及富集的有利条件。结论认为:(1)构造运动、地下水条件以及显微组分为Walloon煤组的生气创造了有利条件,该煤组的顶、底板及夹层岩性致密,封闭条件较好;(2)Walloon煤层气藏是一个形成在单斜构造上由水动力和岩性共同封闭的以次生生物成因气为主的混合成因气藏,煤层气的富集受局部构造、煤层生气能力和地下水动力3种因素的控制,并可分为背斜、向斜和斜坡3种模式,其中背斜模式、向斜模式的煤层气富集程度相对更高;(3)与其他煤层气藏相比,Walloon煤层气藏的成藏和富集同时具有双重碳源、高效生气、适中水动力和双重封闭4个有利条件。     

存在部分连通断层的线性水侵油藏试井解释新模型

被断层隔开油藏中常常含有有限或无限的线性水体,由于断层连通性认识不清使得人们常常对水体的类型判断错误。现有油藏开发人员对存在部分连通断层的油藏试井解释模型研究仅针对均质油藏、复合油藏、双重介质油藏,而并没有对线性水侵油藏进行研究。通过引入界面表皮的概念,将部分连通断层视为一个无限薄的表皮边界,运用渗流力学、数学物理方法、计算数学基础理论,建立了存在部分连通断层的线性水侵油藏试井解释新模型,求得模型的Laplace空间解,利用计算机编程绘制了相应的典型曲线并对曲线的影响因素进行了分析,实例应用效果很好。     

Prediction of asphaltene precipitation during gas injection

Maintaining the flow of multiphase fluid from the reservoir to the surface has been an important issue with wide economic importance for the petroleum industry. Asphaltene precipitation due to change in temperature, pressure, and composition of oil can adversely affect the oil flow to the surface by reducing the available diameter of the tubing. In this study, the precipitation of asphaltene from an Iranian crude oil was investigated. To do our study, through information about asphaltene instability in the live oil during both natural depletion and gas injection conditions about oil sample from Iranian oil field was gathered. Then, the solid model and scaling model were utilized to predict the weight percent of precipitated asphaltene at a wide range of the pressure and temperature. Results of the work revealed that both models predict the increase in weight percent of precipitated asphaltene when lean gas injected to the live oil at the maximum point of asphaltene instability. In addition, the study showed that both models are capable of predicting the experimental data of asphaltene precipitation; while scaling modeling is more reliable when the gas is injected to the oil.     

Correlation of H2S solubility in aqueous MDEA solutions using electrolyte-modified Peng-Robinson plus association equation of state

In this survey, we use the emPR-CPA equation of state to model a ternary system of H₂S solubility in MDEA aqueous solution at different solution compositions, temperatures, pressures, and acid gas loadings. For electrolyte part of the model, MSA theory and the Born term were used. There were 302 experimental data used in this work. To model a ternary system, at first pure components, then binary subsystems, and finally ternary system were modeled using a reactive bubble point pressure calculation method. An overall absolute average deviation percentage equal to 20.85 was achieved so that show the model efficiency for correlation of such systems.     

Simulation of single phase non-Newtonian flow characteristics of heavy crude oil through horizontal pipelines

The effect of diameter, velocity, and temperature on flow properties of heavy crude oil in three horizontal pipelines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was studied. The flow characteristics were simulated by using CFD software, ANSYS Fluent 6.2. The mesh geometry of the pipelines having inner diameter of 1, 1.5, and 2 inch were created by using Gambit 2.4.6. From grid independent study, 221, 365 mesh sizes were selected for simulation. The CFD ANSYS Fluent 6.2 Solver predicted the flow phenomena, pressure, pressure drop, wall shear stress, shear strain rate, and friction factor. A good agreement between experimental and CFD simulated values was obtained.     

Oil reserves of Chang 7 Shale,Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin

With the successful exploration of unconventional hydrocarbons such as shale oil and shale gas, scholars paid more attention to the residual hydrocarbons within the shale. However, getting the reserves of residual hydrocarbons within the shale is still a problem faced by the petroleum geologists. Shale can act as both the source rocks and the reservoir of shale hydrocarbons, and the hydrocarbons within the shale system have not been expelled except a bit of loss during the geological times. Thus, the quantity of residual oil within the shale can be regarded as the reserves of shale oil. Using the pyrolytic parameters, such as total organic carbon, free hydrocarbons, and pyrolytic hydrocarbons, the quantity of residual oil within the shale can be calculated. Chang 7 Shale in Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, was selected to establish the calculating model, and the reserves of shale oil were calculated. The results show that the reserves of shale oil are 1.11 billion tons.