水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

计算流体力学技术在粮食储藏中的应用

计算流体动力学(computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD)是通过计算机数值计算和图像显示,对包含有流体流动、热量和质量传递等相关物理现象所做的分析、计算和优化的数值模拟工具。通过CFD技术在储粮通风工程中的应用实例,对CFD技术进行了介绍,并对采用CFD技术模拟储粮中的通风过程中流动、热湿传递过程和生态系统的研究现状进行了综述,探讨了采用CFD对储粮中的流动、传热传质过程进行数值模拟的优势以及未来发展趋势。     

气钉枪流场压力特性实验研究

气钉枪流场压力是决定气动性能的关键因素,针对气钉枪内部压力不明确的问题,在研究气钉枪结构特点及气动原理的基础上,提出测试内部压力的方案,设计并制作测试模型,使用压力传感器测试工作过程中内部流场动态压力,得到相应的压力变化曲线。实验结果不仅验证了气钉枪的工作原理,同时为气钉枪的流场数值分析提供了依据,更为气钉枪一系列性能指标研究打好基础。     

不同来源废纸脱墨制浆性能研究

通过对多种废纸质量分析与废纸脱墨制浆实验,研究了含机械浆纸与不含机械浆纸的差异,以及国内回收废纸与进口废纸的差异。结果表明:进口废纸除#8美废外观质量相对较差外,总体质量要优于国内回收废纸。不含机械浆纸的白度高,强度相对要好。#8废纸油墨含量最高,#10废纸的油墨去除率最高,不含机械浆纸其成浆的残余油墨最低。#8废纸制浆得率最高,国内回收废铜版纸的得率最低。因#8废纸脱墨浆固有的低白度、高尘埃,无法满足文化纸生产的要求,以#10纸脱墨浆为主配抄生产,能满足白度85%ISO文化纸生产要求。     

ADC发泡剂废水处理研究

ADC(偶氮二甲酰胺)发泡剂是重要的有机精细化工产品,分解温度在195℃～220℃,其分解温程短且是放热反应,发气量在210 mL/g～ 230 mL/g,是目前应用范围最广、用量最大的广谱型发泡剂.尿素法合成ADC生产过程中,缩合工序产生大量的氨氮废水,造成环境污染严重;实验着重从合成原理、生产工艺流程、废水构成三个方面予以分析研究,提出了废水处理措施,使废水达标排放,做好清洁生产.     

微纳米纤维的熔喷制作工艺

通过数值计算方法和熔喷实验方法,探索微纳米纤维的熔喷制作工艺。选用 Shambaugh 一维数学模型,运用数值计算方法,得出空气速度、熔体流量和喷丝孔直径对纤维直径的影响关系。通过分析比较得到这 3 个参数对纤维直径减小程度的影响顺序：熔体流量影响最大,空气速度次之,喷丝孔直径影响最小。根据熔喷实际情况,得出喷丝孔直径不能够太大。设计微纳米纤维的熔喷实验工艺,进行熔喷工艺实验和纤维直径测定实验,得到了纳米级纤维。证明了工艺参数对纤维直径影响关系和影响顺序规律的正确性,也证实了微纳米纤维制作工艺的有效性。     

SiO2包覆TiO2粒子与聚丙烯共混物的剪切流变性能

以SiO2包覆TiO2纳米粒子为改性剂,与聚丙烯共混改性,用双料筒毛细管流变仪,测试分析了共混熔体的剪切流变性能。结果表明：改性剂的添加增强了聚丙烯的非牛顿性,当其质量为6%,剪切速率为500 s-1时的非牛顿指数较纯聚丙烯降低27.1%,在4500 s-1时该值较纯聚丙烯降低14.3%;改性剂增大了聚丙烯的流动阻力,在240 ℃、1184.29 s-1的剪切速率下,其黏流活化能和剪切黏度较纯聚丙烯分别增大68.4%和22.1%;升高温度能明显改善熔体的流动性能,改性剂质量分数为6%的共混物在250 ℃、剪切速率为584.80 s-1条件下,剪切黏度较230 ℃时下降37.1%。实验结果显示：通过合理控制添加比例、熔融温度和挤出工艺,可改善共混改性聚丙烯的可纺性。     

催化流动注射光度法检测制革废水中的亚硝酸盐

研究了催化流动注射光度法检测制革废水中的亚硝酸盐的新方法。考察了检测波长、反应圈长度、进样体积、流速、显色试剂对实验的影响并确定了最佳实验条件:检测波长为610 nm,反应圈长度为5 m,进样体积为450μL,样品和推动液流速为0.40 mL/min,显色液流速为0.27 mL/min,显色液中孔雀石绿浓度为3.0×10-5mol/L。在优化的流动注射条件下,系统的线性范围为2.0～160.0μg/L,连续16次平行检测的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.79%,检测限为0.3μg/L。该方法可用于皮革废水中痕量亚硝酸盐的检测,加标回收率为97.6～103.4%。     

Application of hybrid image features for fast and non-invasive classification of raisin

A new approach for the non-invasive classification of raisins is presented based on the hybrid image features, namely morphological, color and texture features. A total of 74 features (8 morphological, 30 color, and 36 textural) were extracted from RBG images. Seven kinds of models were established based on different feature sets. They were three kinds of models established based on single feature set, three kinds of models established based on the combination of two feature sets, and one kind of model established based on the combination of all feature sets. Five kinds of classifiers, namely partial least squares (PLS), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with linear and radial basis function (RBF) kernels were used for the model establishment based on different feature sets. The best correct answer rates (CAR) of 99% was obtained when LDA was used to establish the classification model based on the combination of all feature sets, which was higher than those of the models established based on single feature set or the combination of two feature sets. The results show that the feature combination is helpful to improve the accuracy of raisin classification. It was concluded that the varieties of raisin could be accurately classified based on RGB image features and the combination of morphological, color and texture features was an accurate way to improve the accuracy of classification.     

Improving parlor efficiency in block calving pasture-based dairy systems through the application of a fixed milking time determined by daily milk yield and milking frequency

Adjusting end-of-milking criteria, in particular applying a maximum milking time determined by expected milk yield at an individual milking session, is one strategy to optimize parlor efficiency. However, this strategy can be difficult to apply practically on farm due to large differences in session milk yield, driven by milking interval, which affects milking routines and can be limited by in-parlor technology. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a single fixed milking time (duration) could be applied at all milking sessions without compromising milk production or udder health for a range of milking intervals. To test the hypothesis, 4 experimental herds were established: (1) herd milked twice a day (TAD) using a 10- and 14-h interval, (2) herd milked TAD using an 8- and 16-h interval, (3) herd milked 3 times in 2 d using a 10–19–19-h interval, and (4) herd milked once a day (OAD). Herds consisted of 40 cows each, and were established for two 6-wk experimental periods, one in peak lactation and the other in mid-late lactation. Within each herd, half the cows had an end-of-milking criterion of 0.35 kg/min (Flow), and the other half had milking ended after a fixed period of time (FixedT) based on the average milking session yield, the daily milk yield divided by average number of milkings per day, irrespective of milking interval. We found no differences in daily milk yield between end-of-milking criteria due to residual milk from one milking likely increasing the proportion of milk in the udder cistern at the next milking session for the FixedT treatment. However, fat yield was compromised when the percentage of the herd with a truncated milking exceeded an estimated 33% at a milking session, which occurred in the TAD 8–16 herd due to the divergence from the average milking interval (in the case of TAD, 12–12 h). Applying a fixed milking time had no detrimental effects on udder health, except in the OAD herd in mid-late lactation, which had both a higher cell count and new intramammary infection rate. This warrants further investigation, although the majority of cultured bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). Consequently, we conclude that, in general, with appropriate monitoring (e.g., weekly inspection) to ensure the proportion of the herd with truncated milkings does not exceed 33%, farmers in pasture-based dairy systems can use a fixed milking time to improve parlor efficiency.