Functionality and physico-chemical characteristics of bovine and caprine mozzarella cheeses during refrigerated storage

Low moisture part-skim Mozzarella cheeses (MC) were manufactured using fresh bovine and caprine milk to study melting, physico-chemical, textural, and microstructural properties of the cheeses during 8 wk of refrigerated storage. Structural changes in cheese matrix were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and by proteolytic patterns using nitrogen solubility, SDS-PAGE, and Gel-pro analyzer. Meltability of ripened cow and goat MC were not different when fat content of both milks were standardized, whereas bovine MC formed a significantly larger amount of free oil throughout the experiment. The results of the proteolytic patterns, texture attribute (cohesiveness), and microstructure revealed that bovine MC had a greater structural degradation of cheese matrix than caprine MC during the storage. Elevated protein degradation in bovine MC led to more intense brown color formation than the goat counterpart when the cheeses were baked. The melting characteristics showed high positive correlation (r = 0.51 to 0.80) with proteolysis, whereas it was negatively correlated with textural characteristics. Among textural attributes, cohesiveness was highly inversely correlated with melting characteristics (r = -0.69 to -0.88). High negative correlations were also observed between proteolytic parameters and textural attributes (r = -0.48 to -0.81).     

Modulation of globular protein functionality by weakly interacting cosolvents

Globular proteins are utilized in food, pharmaceutical, and health-care products because of their unique functional attributes, for example, enzyme catalysis, ligand binding and transport, surface activity and self-association. The expression of these functional attributes in a particular product depends on the molecular structure, chemical environment and thermal-mechanical history of the proteins. The optimization of the design and operation of processing technologies used to manufacture protein-containing materials depends on a thorough understanding of the influence of processing conditions and material composition on protein properties. This paper focuses on the impact of weakly interacting neutral cosolvents (such as sugars and polyols) on the structural, thermodynamic and functional properties of globular proteins in foods. The physicochemical mechanisms by which these cosolvents can modulate protein functionality are highlighted, that is, differential interactions and steric exclusion. Previous studies of the impact of cosolvents on protein functionality that are relevant to foods are reviewed, for example, water solubility, stabilization, emulsification, foaming, gelation, enzyme catalysis, and flavor binding.     

Gemini胺功能离子液体吸收CO2的研究

受亲水有机胺与CO2进行化学反应的启发,将胺功能基团能引入到咪唑环上,合成含胺功能基团的离子液体.本研究以四个亚甲基为连接基,合成含胺功能基团的Gemini咪唑离子液体1,4一二(溴化3-乙胺基咪唑)丁烷,所合成的物质经红外、核磁共振氢谱表征确为目标产物.进行了简单的吸收实验,其对CO2的吸收比物理吸收高很多,可与CO...     

“Modeling with tools is easier, believe me”—The effects of tool functionality on modeling grammar usage beliefs

Increasingly, studies are reported that examine how conceptual modeling is conducted in practice. Yet, typically the studies to date have examined in isolation how modeling grammars can be, or are, used to develop models of information systems or organizational processes, without considering that such modeling is typically done by means of a modeling tool that extends the modeling functionality offered by a grammar through complementary features. This paper extends the literature by examining how the use of seven different features of modeling tools affects usage beliefs users develop when using modeling grammars for process modeling. We show that five distinct tool features positively affect usefulness, ease of use and satisfaction beliefs of users. We offer a number of interpretations about the findings. We also describe how the results inform decisions of relevance to developers of modeling tools as well as managers in charge for making modeling-related investment decisions.     

Self‐healing polymeric materials towards non‐structural recovery of functional properties

Self‐healing of polymers and polymer composites initially represented a process capable of autonomic restoration of mechanical strength upon cracking of the materials, but it is moving into the area of restoration of functionality. This mini‐review is focused on recent efforts to develop functional polymers with built‐in stimuli‐responsive ability to heal for recovery of their specific physical or chemical properties. Molecular design and synthesis, compounding and assembly of organic and inorganic species, inherent reversibility, etc., are summarized. It is hoped that much more interest will be aroused in this emerging and promising frontier topic. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of monodisperse nickel‐coated polymer particles by electroless plating method utilizing functional polymeric ligands

In the electroless plating process, to omit a sensitizing process with SnCl₂, we utilized amino‐functional groups on polymer particles. At first, highly monodisperse functional polymer particles could be prepared by a two‐step seeded polymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene, and glycidyl methacrylate. Then, surface epoxy‐functional groups were converted to amino‐functional groups by treating the particles with a diamine. By using these surface amino functionalities, we tried to prepare uniformly metal‐coated monodisperse polymer particles by electroless plating method. The constituents of an electroless nickel solution bath are nickel salt, a reducing agent, suitable complexing agents, and stabilizers. And the metal thickness was simply controlled by changing the loading amount of substrate polymer particles. Morphological observation of nickel‐plated polymer particles was conducted by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The structural composition of plated nickel was also investigated. Most of all, the function and the efficiency of the amino‐functional group of polymer particles as a polymeric ligand for metal binding was elucidated. From all observations, it was evident that in the electroless metal plating process without any sensitization step, the deposition of metal clusters on substrate particles is largely dependent upon the particle surface functionality. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3801–3808, 2006     

负离子聚合法合成端羟羧基液体聚丁二烯橡胶的研究

研究了在０℃下以对锂基苯酚盐为引发剂、四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）为溶剂、马来酸酐为终止剂的丁二烯负离子聚合，考察了影响聚合物分子量分布及其微观结构的因素。结果表明，当单体与引发剂的摩尔比小于８８，终止剂与引发剂的摩尔比为６～８时，可保证聚合物的羟基和羧基官能度接近理论值１，从而实现了端羟羧基液体聚丁二烯橡胶的分子设计；可通过调节单体与引发剂的摩尔比来设计聚合物分子量；调节非极性溶剂正己烷与ＴＨＦ的配比，可     

Immobilization of proteins on self-assembled monolayers

The immobilization of protein molecules on self-assembled monolayers (SAM) by physical interactions and chemical bonding has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The proteins used for our investigation are bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme (LYZ), and normal rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG). The surfaces are methyl-, hydroxyl-, carboxylic acid- and aldehyde-terminated SAMs. We found that BSA and LYZ can be readily immobilized on SAMs at their isoelectric point (IEP). The detailed surface morphology of adsorbed proteins varies with the functionality of the SAMs. The strong hydrophobic interaction at the IEP is attributed to immobilization. If the solution pH is deviated from the IEP, proteins may be attached onto the surface via electrostatic interactions. Covalent binding between the aldehyde-terminated SAM and the H2N-groups in the protein results in immobilization of all three proteins. The individual proteins and their orientations on SAMs are clearly resolved from high-resolution AFM images. The stability and bioactivity of these immobilized proteins are also studied.     

实用、经济、便利的“宜居·小家”——上海三林保障房住宅区

保障性住房应该是低收入人群所对应的使用者,除此之外我们应该更多的去关注它的周围配套、总体环境和户内使用空间的适用性,做到“宜居”,在户型上则要设计为“面积小功能全”的“小家”。     

Probabilistic seismic risk assessment of modified pseudo-negative stiffness control of a base-isolated building

Pseudo-negative stiffness (PNS) control of a base-isolated structure, which has a large damping ratio at the isolation level, is used to suppress isolator displacement without large force transmission to the superstructure during extreme earthquakes. However, potential increases in floor acceleration in the superstructure are induced by the large damping ratio, especially for low-to-moderate seismic input level. In consideration of structural functionality and safety, a modified PNS (MPNS) control scheme based on the ‘ideal isolation control principle’ is proposed, considering different seismic intensity levels. The effect of the MPNS control is investigated from three aspects, namely floor acceleration, inter-storey drift and isolator displacement within a probabilistic performance-based seismic engineering framework. Comparisons are made between MPNS control, conventional PNS control and passive damping control. A benchmark base-isolated building is used as a case study. In the seismic performance evaluation, the seismic intensity measures for different response parameters are optimised. An extensive parametric study is also conducted to identify the optimal control parameter to conform to the ideal isolation control principle. Results demonstrated that the MPNS control is an effective solution to the challenging problem of improving structural functionality at low seismic intensity, as well as structural safety from collapse at extreme seismic intensity.