Performance comparison of reduced models for leak detection in water distribution networks

This paper presents a methodology for comparing the performance of model-reduction strategies to be used with a diagnostic methodology for leak detection in water distribution networks. The goal is to find reduction strategies that are suitable for error-domain model falsification, a model based data interpretation methodology. Twelve reduction strategies are derived from five strategy categories. Categories differ according to the manner in which nodes are selected for deletion. A node is selected for deletion according to: (1) the diameter of the pipes; (2) the number of pipes linked to a node; (3) the angle of the pipes in the case of two-pipe nodes; (4) the distribution of the water demand; and, (5) a pair-wise combination of some categories.The methodology is illustrated using part of a real network. Performance is evaluated first by judging the equivalency of the reduced network with the initial network (before the application of any reduction procedure) and secondly, by assessing the compatibility with the diagnostic methodology. The results show that for each reduction strategy the equivalency of networks is verified. Computational time can be reduced to less than 20% of the non-reduced network in the best case. Results of diagnostic performance show that the performance decreases when using reduced networks. The reduction strategy with the best diagnostic performance is that based on the angle of two-pipe nodes, with an angle threshold of 165°. In addition, the sensitivity of the performance of the reduced networks to variation in leak intensity is evaluated. Results show that the reduction strategies where the number of nodes is significantly reduced are the most sensitive.Finally this paper describes a Pareto analysis that is used to select the reduction strategy that is a good compromise between reduction of computational time and performance of the diagnosis. In this context, the extension strategy is the most attractive.     

A computational software tool for the minimization of costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with water distribution systems

While evolutionary algorithms have been applied extensively to water resource problems, there remains a need to unify and consolidate computational and software approaches to solving these problems. In order to facilitate this for the minimization of costs and greenhouse gas emissions of water distribution systems, the water distribution cost-emissions nexus (WCEN) computational software framework is introduced in this paper. The software is freely available and can be easily modified in order to facilitate consistency of modeling, simulation and evaluation within different research studies. In addition, it enables consideration of the time-dependent variation of operational choices, such as emissions factors, electricity tariffs and water demands, which has not been done previously. The utility of the framework is demonstrated for a case study, the results of which show that consideration of such variations can significantly affect optimal design and operational decisions, as well as their costs and GHG emissions.     

基于分布参数的煤矿井下直流杂散电流研究

直流杂散电流是引起井下瓦斯爆炸的重要原因之一,对煤矿安全生产具有很大威胁。针对这一问题,从杂散电流的产生机理着手,建立了井下直流杂散电流的分布参数模型;在该模型的基础上,仿真分析了各个参数对杂散电流的影响,得出了如下结论:随着机车电流的增加、供电区间的延长及轨道电阻的增大,杂散电流也会线性增加,可通过减小机车电流、缩短供电区间长度及减小轨道电阻来减小杂散电流;轨道与大地间过渡电阻低于安全值时会造成杂散电流急剧增大,保证轨道与地之间的绝缘是限制杂散电流的一种有效措施。     

基于自适应多尺度时频熵的遥测振动信号异常检测方法

针对遥测振动信号频域成份复杂、非平稳非线性和强噪声特性,提出一种基于自适应多尺度时频熵的遥测振动信号异常检测方法;首先对采集到的遥测振动信号进行零漂修正和趋势项消除,然后采用自适应分解方法对信号进行多尺度分解,得到若干分量,利用相关系数剔除虚假分量;接下来用筛选出的分量作时频分布,对时频分布进行多层多尺度划分,计算相应尺度频段内信号的分形维数,依据分形维数的大小自适应地确定各频段的时频划分尺度;最后计算时频平面的自适应多尺度时频熵,通过时频熵的变化情况对遥测振动信号进行异常检测;实测数据验证了该方法的有效性。     

Critical stress and load conditions for pitting calculations of involute spur and helical gear teeth

Calculation methods of spur and helical gear drives for preliminary designs or standardization purposes available in technical literature, use the Hertz equation to evaluate the contact stress, assuming the load to be uniformly distributed along the line of contact. However, this model presents some discrepancies with experimental results because the changing rigidity of the pair of teeth along the path of contact produces a non-uniform load distribution, which implies that some load distribution factors are required to compute the contact stress. In this paper, a non-uniform model of load distribution along the line of contact, recently developed, obtained from the minimum elastic potential criterion, has been used. This model combined with the Hertz equation yields more accurate values of the contact stress. As the load per unit of length at any point of the line of contact and any position of the meshing cycle has been described by a very simple analytic equation, a complete study of the location and value of the critical contact stress has been carried out. From this study, a recommendation for the calculation of the pitting load capacity of spur and helical gears is proposed.     

Analysis of distribution time of multiple files in a P2P network

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing attracts much attention due to its scalability and robustness. One important metric in measuring the performance of a P2P file sharing system is the amount of time required for all peers to get the files. We refer this time as the file distribution time. Researchers have proposed protocols to minimize the file distribution time under different situation. However, most works are based on the single-file scenario. On the other hand, there are studies showing that in a file sharing application, users may download multiple files at the same time. In this paper, we analyze the minimum time needed to distribute multiple files. We develop an explicit expression for the minimum amount of time needed to distribute multiple files in a heterogeneous P2P fluid model. Unlike the single-file scenario, we demonstrate that the theoretical lower bound in multi-file is not always achievable. With a comprehensive consideration of all the configurations, we elaborate how to partition the bandwidth capacities of both seeds and leechers for a particular file such that the finish time is optimal.     

基于分时电价模式的分布式风-光联合发电系统功率消纳模型研究

分时电价的方法能反映用电负荷的市场化行为,指引用户的用电时段,同时也可促进分布式可再生能源的消纳利用。基于用电负荷三段式分类方法,本文提出了分时电价机制下分布式风-光联合发电系统接入配网系统的功率消纳模型。该模型采用配网系统对内分时电价的方式来提高分布式风-光联合系统的并网消纳功率,并结合模拟退火算法对模型进行优化求解。最后通过仿真算例验证了本方法促进分布式风-光联合发电系统功率消纳、配网系统和用户取得双赢效果的可行性。     

均匀沙相对隐蔽度分布形式初探

由于缺乏丰富实测资料的检验,并且在理论构架上仍存有分歧,泥沙颗粒相对隐蔽度分布形式至今没有得到普遍认可的定论,即便均匀沙相对隐蔽度分布形式也没有一致的结论,非均匀沙隐蔽度分布问题更是未知。根据目前主要以概化物理图景进行理论分析为主的研究现状,给出了均匀沙相对隐蔽度分布形式的理论推导过程,从理论上探讨了均匀沙相对隐蔽度3种可能符合的分布形式：均匀分布,反余弦分布,对数正态分布。其推测有待实测数据进行验证。     

基于MODIS数据的鄱阳湖总悬浮物浓度监测分析

为了利用遥感卫星影像资料对湖泊水质进行连续、大范围的监测,以鄱阳湖为研究对象,通过对水体实测高光谱的特征分析,采用分期统计回归的方法建立总悬浮物(TSS)浓度反演模型,利用MODIS影像反演鄱阳湖TSS浓度的空间分布,并分析其时空分布特征.研究结果表明:红光和近红外波段是反演水质参数TSS的敏感波段,在同一环境下分析,...     

颗粒形状对多孔介质孔隙特征和渗流规律影响研究的探讨

讨论了颗粒形状对于多孔介质孔隙系统及其渗流规律的可能影响及其研究意义;综述相关领域的研究成果,探讨了颗粒形状的测量评定方法、颗粒形态和填筑的模拟方法、孔隙系统的可视化研究方法,以及渗流规律的试验对比研究方法;分析指出了颗粒形状对渗流规律影响的研究在促进水处理滤料开发和碎石料作为大坝填料利用方面的应用前景.