强度准则和失稳判据对有限元强度折减法结果的影响

本文主要研究有限元强度折减法的强度准则和失稳判据问题,从强度折减法基本原理出发,将边坡强度参数进行折减,利用理论分析与数值计算相结合的方法,通过对比分析研究了强度准则与失稳判据的影响。研究表明:在π平面上强度准则围成的圆的半径越大,所得的安全系数则越大。与传统的极限平衡方法的安全系数结果相对比,等面积圆强度准则结果与之相近。3种边坡失稳判据中塑性区贯通判据判断的安全系数偏保守,与Bishop法计算结果较为一致,收敛标准的安全系数偏大。     

Upper bound limit analysis of roof collapse in shallow tunnels with arbitrary cross sections under condition of seepage force

The analytical solutions for predicting the exact shape of collapse mechanisms in shallow tunnels with arbitrary excavation profiles were obtained by virtue of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis and variation principle according to Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The seepage force was included in the upper bound limit analysis, and it was computed from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution. The seepage was regarded as a work rate of external force. The numerical results of roof collapse in square and circular tunnels with different rock parameters were derived and discussed, which proves to be valid in comparison with the previous work. The influences of different parameters on the shape of collapsing blocks were also discussed.     

玉北地区钻井液技术

针对玉北地区古近系膏岩层易蠕变缩径、二叠系火成岩地层易垮塌掉块、奥陶系灰岩地层易漏,导致的钻井周期长、机械钻速低、复杂情况多等问题,优选了适合各开次的钻井液体系。一开选用膨润土聚合物体系,利用其高膨润土含量解决地表流沙层的井壁稳定与井眼清洁问题;二开选用KCl聚磺钻井液,通过强化钻井液的抑制封堵能力与抗污染能力解决了因泥岩段水化膨胀、砂岩段形成虚泥饼造成的阻卡问题,实现了井壁稳定;三开选用KCl聚磺防塌钻井液,解决了高密度钻井液的抗污染问题,实现了深部地层的快速钻进;四开选用低固相聚磺钻井液,大幅度提高了深部地层的钻进速度。     

华安水电站扩建工程引水隧洞塌方处理技术

为解决华安水电站扩建工程引水隧洞施工过程中的塌方问题,对其塌方的特点及成因进行了研究,提出了搞好隧洞初期支护、把握好穿越塌方体施工的过程、采用深层固结灌浆提高围岩稳定性等措施,经过施工期的安全监测和一年运行观测,该洞段围岩稳定,表明措施有效。     

“布-也”35kV 输电线路24号铁塔倒塔原因与对策探析

作为一种风敏感结构体系,塔—线输电结构在遇到强风条件下容易产生风振,给塔架结构安全性带来隐患,严重时易造成弯塔、倒塔事故。本文对“布—也”35kV 输电线路在极端恶劣大风条件下发生的24号铁塔倒塔原因进行了分析,并提出了几种铁塔升级、加固对策,旨在提高输电线路铁塔的可靠性和安全性。     

羊曲水电站导流洞塌方处理技术

羊曲水电站导流洞埋深较浅,所处位置地质条件差,隧洞断面大,开挖易塌方。在分析导流洞施工难点的基础上,结合类似工程塌方处理经验,主要采用“双排超前管棚”、“先拱后墙跟进衬砌”等施工技术,并通过优化支护参数和施工程序,顺利完成了该工程隧洞的塌方处理,且满足了导流洞过水的节点工期要求。相关技术措施可为类似工程塌方处理提供参考和借鉴。     

航行体有攻角出水全过程数值模拟

水下航行体高速出水时,空泡溃灭会产生较大的弯矩载荷,是其结构强度的主要设计依据.本文基于计算流体方法与结构动力学方法的单向耦合,建立了航行体有攻角出水全过程数值模拟方法,并针对抽象的典型工况进行了较大规模的并行计算,最终得到了航行体关键截面的全时程载荷响应.进一步通过分析航行体空泡形状和表面压力的演化特征,解释了航行体出水载荷的直接形成原因.     

山区公路边坡防护技术研究

山区公路的建设可能造成边坡损坏隐患,需要及时予以防护和整治。分析总结了边坡破坏类型、原因、主要处理原则及常用边坡防护形式和具体措施。皂市水库库区公路某边坡在水库蓄水后,安全系数不足,存在边坡崩滑体整体失稳的可能性,经过对各种治理方案的优缺点比较,决定采用“削方减载+坡面锚固护坡+地表截排水”的治理方案。该边坡经过处理后,安全系数得到提高,保证了皂市水库蓄水后公路运行的安全。     

The vulnerability of structures to unforeseen events

A structure is vulnerable to an unforeseen event if it is not sufficiently robust. One insight into the lack of robustness is gained through the vulnerability of a structure to disproportionate collapse. In this paper, the importance of assessing the vulnerability of a structure to unforeseen events is highlighted and the nature of unforeseen events examined. A theory of structural vulnerability which examines the form of the structure to determine the most vulnerable sequence of failure events is briefly described. The potential for damage to propagate through a structure is examined through a new measure of hazard potential and vertical pushover analysis. An analysis of an example structure shows that such an approach is able to capture the weaknesses in a structure either due to form or external actions.     

特殊构造砖烟囱定向爆破拆除

介绍了定向控制爆破技术拆除一座烟囱、水塔的结合体,拟爆结构物地坪以上27 m处设置钢筋混凝土结构水箱,致使重心高于一般烟囱,其外壁采用ф12 mm钢筋网箍和60 mm厚混凝土进行加固。周边环境复杂,距高压配电房仅1.4 m,为避免地坪处+0.5 m烟道口对定向的影响,将爆破切口位置提高到+3.0 m处;为减小触地振动、防止倾倒过程中出现后座,采用梯形切口,爆破切口长度取其周长62%,爆破切口高度取1.4 m。为克服烟囱外壁加固层和圆拱墙体钻凿深度不准确的影响,同排相邻炮孔采用一深、一浅的布置方式,其炮眼深度差值2~3 cm,装药结构应用正、反向起爆综合技术。采用开挖减震沟、设置缓冲带控制爆破振动等措施,爆破效果理想,保证了邻近建筑物及设施安全。