γ射线法测量高压管束间气液两相流的截面含气率分布

在立式蒸汽发生器垂直管束间的气液两相流中，截面含气率是其中一个重要参数。使用γ射线法对高温高压下垂直管束间气液两相流截面含气率的分布规律进行了实验研究。实验压力分别为5、7、9 MPa，质量流速为300 kg/(m²?s)，热力学干度的范围为0.003 ~ 0.4。实验得到了垂直管束间截面含气率随热力学干度、体积含气率和压力的变化关系；并与经典公式的计算结果对比发现，在低干度区域，实验结果与Miropolskii模型、Smith模型和Armand模型偏差较大，均大于30%，在高干度区域偏差较小；基于Armand理论，通过多元线性回归法拟合出本文工况下平均截面含气率的计算关联式，与日本核动力工程公司(NUPEC)的实验数据偏差小于15%。本研究对蒸汽发生器的结构设计和流动特性研究具有重要意义。     

Steam-side scale morphologies associated with scale exfoliation from ferritic steel T22

Abstract

Observations of steam-formed scales on type T22 ferritic steel reheater tubes have provided some insights into the scale morphologies associated with exfoliation. Measurements indicated that as the total thickness of the adherent scales increased, the ratio of the thicknesses of the main inner (Fe–Cr spinel) and outer (magnetite) layers increased continuously to a maximum of approximately 2.5. The often-assumed thickness ratio of 1.0 did not persist after a laminated structure of pairs of spinel and magnetite layers was developed in the main inner layer. The development of such multi-laminations appeared to be associated with a decrease in the rate of growth of the main outer, magnetite layer. In this particular set of samples, exfoliation occurred in scales of total thickness greater than approximately 270 μm, and involved separation of a single pair of oxide layers of similar thickness that consisted of the original outer magnetite layer and part of the original spinel layer. The scale lost in subsequent exfoliation events at essentially the same site consisted of a further pair of layers comprising the new magnetite layer re-grown after the initial event, and a further part of the original spinel layer. Exfoliation events did not appear to involve the whole of the spinel layer existing at that time, only the equiaxed region immediately subjacent to the magnetite and a portion of the laminated structure.     

Application results of a prototype ultrasonic liquid film sensor to a 7 MPa steam–water two-phase flow experiment

A prototype ultrasonic liquid film sensor was applied to a high-temperature steam–water two-phase flow experiment. The liquid film sensor was vertically installed in a loop which was connected to HUSTLE, a multi-purpose steam source test facility. The hydraulic diameter of the measurement section was 9.4 mm. The output waveforms of the sensor were acquired with a digital oscilloscope. The fluid temperature and system pressure were kept at 288 °C and 7.2 MPa, respectively, during the experiment. The pulse-echo method was used to calculate the liquid film thickness. The cross-correlation calculation was utilized to determine the time difference between the pulse reflected at the sensor surface and the pulse reflected at the liquid film surface. The time-averaged liquid film thicknesses were less than 0.055 mm in the annular flow condition. The increase of the time-averaged thickness was small with the change of the gas momentum flux. The film thicknesses measured with the sensor were compared with the past experimental results; the former were smaller than one-fourth of the thickness estimated as the mean film thickness. The comparison results suggested that the continuous liquid sublayer thickness was measured with the liquid film sensor.     

316LN不锈钢管状试样高温高压水的腐蚀疲劳行为

设计了一种管状疲劳试样,高温高压水流经试样内部,试样外部与空气接触。利用管状试样研究了316LN不锈钢高温高压水腐蚀疲劳性能,重点关注了应变速率对其疲劳性能的影响。实验结果表明,高温高压水环境降低了316LN不锈钢的疲劳强度,且疲劳寿命随应变速率降低而降低;管状试样与标准棒状试样获得的疲劳寿命相差不大,表明利用管状试样研究核电结构材料高温高压水环境疲劳性能是合理可行的。在低应变速率条件下,疲劳裂纹源区域为典型的扇形花样,呈现准解理开裂特征。疲劳裂纹扩展区为典型的疲劳辉纹特征。疲劳裂纹萌生阶段高温高压水环境效应更加显著。同时讨论了316LN不锈钢在高温高压水环境中的疲劳损伤机理。     

高温超导变压器关键技术

由于超导材料的无阻载流特性,其在超导电缆、超导限流器、超导变压器、超导储能、超导电机等超导电力装置中的应用引起人们极大兴趣。其中超导变压器具有体积小、重量轻、损耗低、无火灾隐患、无环境污染和低漏抗等特点。简要介绍了高温超导变压器基本结构,重点介绍了变压器研发过程中的关键技术问题,包括液氮和气氮低温绝缘特性、超导绕组损耗分析、电流引线设计、非金属低温容器设计等,为高温超导变压器的研发提供有用的参考。     

KSrPO_4:Eu~(3+)红色发光材料的制备及性能研究

采用高温固相合成工艺制备了KSrPO4:x Eu3+红色发光材料,通过X射线衍射、荧光光谱、量子效率仪、封装对发光材料的晶体结构及发光特性进行了研究。XRD表明KSrPO4晶体结构并没有随着Eu3+的掺入而发生变化;荧光光谱表明KSrPO4:Eu3+在394 nm处存在最强激发峰,发射光谱最强发射峰为612nm;量子效率研究表明随着Eu3+掺杂量的增加,量子效率先增后降,在Eu3+掺杂量x=0.04时,量子效率存在最大值51%;封装光源的显色指数为83,色温3497 K,并且随着电流的变化色坐标(X,Y)基本保持不变,因此,KSrPO4:Eu3+红色发光材料作为近紫外激发的红色发光材料具有一定的潜力。     

Ф2800mm旋转锻造工作台研制

旋转锻造工作台是大型锻造液压机组最基本的常用工装具,可完成饼块类锻件的全回转自由锻造镦粗工艺.针对高效灵活、大载荷、高热应力的Ф2800 mm锻造旋转工作台进行研制,通过采用可更换耐高温工艺垫板(上盘)、竖直蝶簧组上浮支承装置、紧凑型回转大轴承、快换液压系统等关键技术,解决了镦粗锻造工艺中大载荷传递、高温锻件热效应防护、紧凑型全回转液压驱动、便捷式快速装拆、高效可靠的机电液系统联动与安全防护等设计难题,应用于80 MN快速锻造液压机组的大负荷、高温工况,获得了工程实践验证,大大缩短了辅助工作时间,提高了“快锻”全环节工作效率.     

Sn含量对Zr-Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr合金高温蒸气氧化行为的影响

锆合金的高温蒸气氧化行为是失水事故下需要重点关注的问题之一。为了研究Sn对锆合金高温蒸气氧化行为的影响,开展了不同Sn含量的SH12(Zr-0.75Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr,质量分数,%)和Zr-4(Zr-1.5Sn-0.2Fe-0.1Cr)合金在模拟失水事故工况下1000、1050、1100和1200℃的高温蒸气氧化试验。采用光学显微镜、电子探针、显微硬度计分析了氧化样品的显微组织以及氧化前后样品的显微硬度。结果表明：低Sn的SH12比高Sn的Zr-4合金的抗高温蒸气氧化性能更好,这说明降低Sn含量可以改善锆合金的抗高温蒸气氧化性能。氧化前,SH12合金的显微硬度低于Zr-4合金,而氧化后SH12合金基体的显微硬度明显高于Zr-4合金,与氧化后SH12合金基体中的氧含量高于Zr-4合金的结果相吻合,这说明Sn有抑制氧在Zr基体中扩散的作用。通过第一性原理计算,发现Sn容易与O结合,从而抑制了O在锆基体中的扩散,这合理解释了氧化后SH12合金中的氧含量比Zr-4合金高的原因。     

大气等离子喷涂制备SOFC连接体Cu/Mn/Co金属防护涂层

为了进一步提高固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）连接体防护涂层的电导率,采用大气等离子喷涂技术（APS）制备了Cu/Mn/Co金属涂层．研究了不同喷涂工艺参数对涂层性能的影响,以及涂层在800 ℃下的氧化行为．通过XRD,SEM及EDS表征涂层高温氧化过程中的相结构、表面形貌和微观结构演变,采用直流四电极法测量涂层的高温电导率．结果表明,800 ℃下氧化使金属涂层转变成了MnCo₂O₄/Cu_xMn_3-xO₄相．氧化初期,涂层表面和底部出现富Cu层;随氧化时间增加,富Cu层逐渐消失,Cu元素均匀分布在涂层中;当氧化120 h时,涂层表层的CuO层已不连续,与涂层分层且产生微裂纹．同时发现,长时间氧化后涂层截面明显致密化,形成了顶部致密、底部多孔的结构．此外,电流为550 A的涂层试样（No.2）尖晶石相最多,涂层致密度最高,其电导率也最高．800 ℃下氧化120 h后,电流为500,550和600 A的三种涂层试样（No.1~No.3）电导率分别为59.68S,93.55和85.72 S/cm,并且氧化过程中电导率保持稳定．所制备的金属涂层和尖晶石涂层均表现出较好的阻Cr扩散效果,Cr主要以Cr₂O₃的形式富集在基体和涂层的结合处．