Effects of annealing on mechanical properties and degradation behavior of biodegradable JDBM magnesium alloy wires

Mg–Nd–Zn–Zr magnesium alloy (JDBM) has been studied widely as biodegradable medical material. To process high quality JDBM wires, effects of annealing on the mechanical properties and degradation behavior after drawing were studied by microscopic observations, tensile and immersion tests. The as-extruded wires with a diameter of 3 mm could be drawn up to 9 passes without annealing until 125% cumulative drawing deformation. Complete recrystallization occurred after annealing at 325 °C for 30 min, 350 °C for 5 min or 450 °C for 3 min, respectively. Room temperature tensile tests and simulated body fluid immersion tests showed that annealing at slightly elevated temperature for short time could obtain better properties due to the finer grain size and more dispersive distribution of precipitates. For this study, annealing at 350 °C for 5 min is the best parameters which can be utilized to further fabricate fine wires.     

临界淬火工艺处理高强结构钢Q690GJ的韧化机理

研究了QT(淬火+回火)和QLT(淬火+临界淬火+回火)热处理对高强结构钢Q690GJ微观组织及低温韧性的影响。通过金相、扫描电镜等方法,对低温冲击试样、无塑性转变试样进行了微观分析。结果表明:QLT工艺处理的Q690GJ钢低温韧性明显优于QT工艺。微观组织分析表明:QLT工艺处理试验钢组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体,临界淬火工艺形成了更多数量的、且较为稳定的残留奥氏体软相,提高了起裂前的塑性变形能力;同时形成更多取向混乱的马氏体板条束,有效阻碍了裂纹的扩展,从而提高低温韧性、降低无塑性转变温度。     

Controller Design Using Ant Colony Algorithm for a Non-inverting Buck–Boost Chopper Based on a Detailed Average Model

In this article, the non-inverting buck–boost converter and its operation modes are scrutinized. The closed-loop stability of the converter in buck and boost modes is analyzed, and the necessity of using an appropriated controller is demonstrated. Then the application of an adapted ant colony optimization to design a feedback controller is proposed, and a controller based on its existing model is tuned. Simulation and experimental results obtained from the ant colony optimization designed controller are then compared with a controller designed with the classic method. Although the simulation and experimental results prove the efficiency of the proposed control approach, a significant difference between controller behavior in practice and simulation is obvious. Finding these differences, more detailed models, including all parasitic elements, in the buck and boost modes are derived. Applying the proposed model in controller design illustrates that the desired performance of the converter can be guaranteed with a simple proportional-integral (PI) controller. The suggested ant colony-based controller is again tuned based on the more detailed model, which improves the performance of the converter system even more. Furthermore, good agreement between analytical and experimental outputs validates the accuracy of the modeling and simulation.     

A Multi-objective Optimization for Sizing and Placement of Voltage-controlled Distributed Generation Using Supervised Big Bang–Big Crunch Method

Abstract—This article presents an efficient multi-objective optimization approach based on the supervised big bang–big crunch method for optimal planning of dispatchable distributed generator. The proposed approach aims to enhance the system performance indices by optimal sizing and placement of distributed generators connected to balanced/unbalanced distribution networks. The distributed generation units in the proposed algorithms are modeled as a voltage-controlled node with the flexibility to be converted to a constant power node in the case of reactive power limit violation. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) environment, and the simulation studies are performed on IEEE 69-bus and IEEE 123-node distribution test systems. Validation of the proposed method is done by comparing the results with published results obtained from other competing methods, and the consequent discussions prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Study of Temperature Dependence of Electrode–Glass Ceramic Interface Using Impedance Spectroscopy

The electrical behavior of strontium titanate borosilicate glass ceramics (SrO.TiO₂- 2SiO₂.B₂O₃) with additives K₂O, La₂O₃, CoO and Nb₂O₅ was studied by using Impedance Spectroscopy as a function of temperature and composition. An equivalent circuit model having three parallel RC's connected in series with a capacitor C₄ could represent the data well. By comparing the complex modulus plots with simulated ones and looking at the values of the time constants these RC's were attributed to represent crystalline, glassy and glass-crystal interface regions of the glass- ceramic whereas C₄ represented the glass-ceramic sample and contact electrode interface. When the glass ceramic sample contained only SrTiO₃ crystalline phase and the remaining glassy matrix, the interface capacitance showed an Arrhenius type of nature with an activation energy (0.11 ± 0.04) eV and when the glass- ceramic sample contained number of crystalline phases no clear cut trend appeared. These findings are useful in selecting suitable electrodes for applications as well as in deciding upon experimental techniques for measurement of dielectric constants of materials.     

An Evaluation of Different Controllers Based on the Network Frequency Maintenance Strategy for a Large and Multi-control-area Interconnected Power System

Abstract—Maintaining the network frequency at its nominal value due to the load changes is one of the most important issues in the control and operation schedule of a large and multi-area interconnected power system. For the effective control solution, two types of tie-line bias control strategy-based controllers have been applied, i.e., classical and improved controllers. The classical controllers using conventional regulators, including integral, proportional–integral and proportional-integral-derivative, have achieved initial control results to bring the steady state back to the network. However, due to the very poor control features (e.g., large overshoots and long settling times), they need to be replaced with improved controllers, such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural network. To obtain an entire evaluation of the application of different load-frequency controllers, a five-control-area interconnected power system was built as a typical case study. Three improved controllers using proportional-plus-integral-based fuzzy logic and artificial neural network-based non-linear autoregressive moving average (NARMA-L2) architectures as well as their hybrid combination will also be investigated in this study. Simulation results obtained reveal that the improved controllers have obtained smaller overshoots (from 13.95 to 84.18%) and shorter settling times (from 19.91 to 65.71%) compared with the classical controllers.     

Reduced order H∞ TCSC controller & PSO optimized fuzzy PSS design in mitigating small signal oscillations in a wide range

This paper proposes hybrid control schemes for compensation of parametric and non-parametric uncertainties arising in modern power systems. The robust loop shaping design procedure considering non-parametric uncertainty term is used to design H_∞ TCSC. To further enhance steady state stability, and consider the effect of parametric uncertainties occurring due to variation in loading conditions, robust TCSC is supplemented with three types of PSS i.e. PSO-PID PSS, PSO Mamdani FPSS and PSO TS FPSS. PSO is used to optimize the parameters of PID based and Fuzzy type PSS. The proposed hybrid control schemes are found to compensate uncertainty well by stabilizing the power system over whole parametric uncertainty range. However, the proposed hybrid controller involving robust TCSC and PSO-Takagi–Sugeno FPSS shows best performance with enhanced steady state stability among all schemes. Also the T–S FPSS performs better as compared to Mamdani FPSS.     

基于改进加权公平队列的变电站局域网通信队列调度策略

智能变电站通信网络中以太网技术的发展为智能变电站的数据共享提供了更为有效的途径。局域网通信队列调度策略作为其中的关键一环,其重要性也日益凸显。针对智能变电站中现有的优先级调度策略所存在的不足,对传统的加权公平队列(WFQ)算法进行了适当的改进,并在此基础上提出了一种适用于智能变电站的局域网通信队列调度方法。以典型的智能变电站为例,通过OPNET软件建立了通信网络模型,并对所提的调度策略进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在紧急情况下,所提的智能变电站综合局域网通信队列调度策略可在保证高优先级队列服务质量的同时改善低优先级队列的延时特性。     

基于可靠性需求的电力客户细分和可靠性价值评估方法

从电力用户角度提出可靠性提升的直接经济价值、用户体验价值和社会价值的定义及其计算模型,建立区域供电可靠性需求评估框架,介绍具有较高可靠性价值的7类用户及其特征采集和可靠性价值分类评估算法。针对具有较强主观性的用户体验价值和社会价值的定量评估,提出一种改进层次分析(analytical hierarchy process,AHP)法,并通过区域可靠性需求评价应用实例验证该方法的有效性。该算法既可用于供电企业客观评估不同供电区域的客户供电可靠性需求,也可为实施可靠性电价后的市场需求分析和预测提供技术支撑。     

小电流接地系统单相故障的改进小扰动选线法

由于电缆线路及架空电缆混合线路不断增多,基于小扰动原理的消弧线圈选线装置在故障后无法选线的情况时有发生。为解决这一问题,提出一种改进的小扰动选线法,在消弧装置选线失败的情况下,切换系统接地方式,通过线路的零序、过流等保护功能切除线路永久性故障,从而保证电网的安全稳定运行。仿真结果表明,改进后的小扰动选线装置具有更高的选线率,对不同的10 kV出线形式具有更好的适应性,可提高电网的安全稳定运行水平。